Title:Association of Phytol with Toxic and Cytotoxic Activities in an Antitumoral Perspective: A Meta-Analysis and Systemic Review
Volume: 18
Issue: 13
Author(s): Marcus V.O.B. Alencar, Muhammad T. Islam*, Eunus S. Ali, José V.O. Santos, Márcia F.C.J. Paz, João M.C. Sousa, Sandra M.M.M. Dantas, Siddhartha K. Mishra*Ana A.C.M. Cavalcante
Affiliation:
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City-700000,Vietnam
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar-470003 (M.P.),India
Keywords:
Phytol, toxicity, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, necrosis, anti-tumoral.
Abstract: Background: Phytol have various pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antitumoral,
antimutagenic, anti-atherogenic, antidiabetic, lipid-lowering, antispasmodic, antiepileptic, antinociceptive,
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, antidepressant and immunoadjuvant. Several studies point to
an association of phytol with implications for apoptosis and necrosis at cellular levels in cancer, yet no clear
conclusions were drawn.
Method: To clarify this, we conducted a meta-analysis of non-clinical studies of phytol and its associations with
toxicity and cytotoxicity emphasizing the mechanisms of apoptosis and necrosis induction and its importance in
tumor therapy. Relevant studies were systematically searched in PubMed and Web of Science. The association
between phytol and cyto-/toxicity was assessed by odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Twentythree
studies were finally included in the meta-analysis. A significant association between phytol and toxicity
(OR: 1.47; 95% CI = 0.86–2.48) was found among in vivo studies and cytotoxicity (OR: 1.81; 95% CI = 1.12–
2.65, p<0.05) in in vitro and ex vivo studies. In in vitro studies, 24% of them indicate that phytol at high doses
induces apoptosis by several mechanisms; while about 40% of ex vivo studies indicate that phytol induces reactive
oxygen species generation. But, Phytol does not act as a direct oxidant, unlike its metabolite phytanic acid.
The 24% of in vivo studies also highlighted the mechanisms for apoptosis-like including expression of Bcl2
protein or mutations in pro-apoptotic protein Bax. Of them, 8% studies show necrosis and hepatotoxicity. However,
in 24% of the articles, the mechanisms of toxicity and cytotoxicity are still not well elucidated.
Conclusion: This study confirms that the association between phytol and cyto-/toxicity depends on the
dose/concentration used in the given experimental conditions. Thus, there are still great prospects for new research
aimed at the use of phytol and its metabolite as anticancer agents.
