[1]
Fefer P, Knudtson ML, Cheema AN, et al. Current perspectives on coronary chronic total occlusions: the Canadian multicenter chronic total occlusions registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59: 991-7.
[2]
Christofferson RD, Lehmann KG, Martin GV, et al. Effect of chronic total coronary occlusion on treatment strategy. Am J Cardiol 2005; 95: 1088-91.
[3]
Jeroudi OM, Alomar ME, Michael TT, et al. Prevalence and management of coronary chronic total occlusions in a tertiary Veterans Affairs hospital. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2014; 84: 637-43.
[4]
Henriques JP, Hoebers LP, Ramunddal T, et al. Percutaneous Intervention for Concurrent Chronic Total Occlusions in Patients With STEMI: The EXPLORE Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 68: 1622-32.
[5]
Park SJ. Optimal medical therapy with or without stenting for coronary chronic total occlusion - DECISION-CTO. American College of Cardiology Annual Scientific Session (ACC 2017); Washington, DC, USA 2017.
[6]
Werner GS. A randomized multicentre trial to evaluate the utilization of revascularization or optimal medical therapy for the treatment of chronic total coronary occlusions (Euro CTO). Presented at: Euro PCR; Paris, France 2017.
[7]
Mukherjee D, Roffi M. Chronic total occlusions in non-infarct-related arteries. Eur Heart J 2012; 33: 695-7.
[8]
Rathore S, Matsuo H, Terashima M, et al. Procedural and in-hospital outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusions of coronary arteries 2002 to 2008: impact of novel guidewire techniques. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2009; 2: 489-97.
[9]
Brilakis ES, Grantham JA, Thompson CA, et al. The retrograde approach to coronary artery chronic total occlusions: a practical approach. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2012; 79: 3-19.
[10]
Michael TT, Karmpaliotis D, Brilakis ES, et al. Procedural outcomes of revascularization of chronic total occlusion of native coronary arteries (from a multicenter United States registry). Am J Cardiol 2013; 112: 488-92.
[11]
Delacretaz E, Meier B. Therapeutic strategy with total coronary artery occlusions. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 185-7.
[12]
Ong AT, Serruys PW. Complete revascularization: coronary artery bypass graft surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation 2006; 114: 249-55.
[13]
Gossl M, Faxon DP, Bell MR, et al. Complete versus incomplete revascularization with coronary artery bypass graft or percutaneous intervention in stable coronary artery disease. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2012; 5: 597-604.
[14]
Engstrom T, Kelbaek H, Helqvist S, et al. Complete revascularisation versus treatment of the culprit lesion only in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and multivessel disease (DANAMI-3-PRIMULTI): an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2015; 386: 665-71.
[15]
Gershlick AH, Khan JN, Kelly DJ, et al. Randomized trial of complete versus lesion-only revascularization in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for STEMI and multivessel disease: the CvLPRIT trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65: 963-72.
[16]
Wald DS, Morris JK, Wald NJ, et al. Randomized trial of preventive angioplasty in myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2013; 369: 1115-23.
[17]
Levine GN, Bates ER, Blankenship JC, et al. 2015 ACC/AHA/SCAI focused update on primary percutaneous coronary intervention for patients with st-elevation myocardial infarction: an update of the 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI guideline for percutaneous coronary intervention and the 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of st-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines and the society for cardiovascular angiography and interventions. Circulation 2016; 133: 1135-47.
[18]
Hueb W, Soares PR, Gersh BJ, et al. The medicine, angioplasty, or surgery study (MASS-II): a randomized, controlled clinical trial of three therapeutic strategies for multivessel coronary artery disease: one-year results. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 1743-51.
[19]
Vieira RD, Hueb W, Gersh BJ, et al. Effect of complete revascularization on 10-year survival of patients with stable multivessel coronary artery disease: MASS II trial. Circulation 2012; 126: 158-63.
[20]
Serruys PW, Onuma Y, Garg S, et al. 5-year clinical outcomes of the ARTS II (Arterial Revascularization Therapies Study II) of the sirolimus-eluting stent in the treatment of patients with multivessel de novo coronary artery lesions. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55: 1093-101.
[21]
Rodriguez A, Bernardi V, Navia J, et al. Argentine randomized study: coronary angioplasty with stenting versus coronary bypass surgery in patients with multiple-vessel disease (ERACI II): 30-day and one-year follow-up results. ERACI II Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37: 51-8.
[22]
So SI. Coronary artery bypass surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (the Stent or Surgery trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 965-70.
[23]
Berger PB, Velianou JL, Aslanidou Vlachos H, et al. Survival following coronary angioplasty versus coronary artery bypass surgery in anatomic subsets in which coronary artery bypass surgery improves survival compared with medical therapy. Results from the bypass angioplasty revascularization investigation (BARI). J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38: 1440-9.
[24]
Garcia S, Sandoval Y, Roukoz H, et al. Outcomes after complete versus incomplete revascularization of patients with multivessel coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of 89,883 patients enrolled in randomized clinical trials and observational studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62: 1421-31.
[25]
Martuscelli E, Clementi F, Gallagher MM, et al. Revascularization strategy in patients with multivessel disease and a major vessel chronically occluded; data from the CABRI trial. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008; 33: 4-8.
[26]
Serruys PW, Morice MC, Kappetein AP, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary-artery bypass grafting for severe coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 961-72.
[27]
Valgimigli M, Serruys PW, Tsuchida K, et al. Cyphering the complexity of coronary artery disease using the syntax score to predict clinical outcome in patients with three-vessel lumen obstruction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol 2007; 99: 1072-81.
[28]
Head SJ, Mack MJ, Holmes DR, et al. Incidence, predictors and outcomes of incomplete revascularization after percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass grafting: a subgroup analysis of 3-year SYNTAX data. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2012; 41: 535-41.
[29]
Mohr FW, Rastan AJ, Serruys PW, et al. Complex coronary anatomy in coronary artery bypass graft surgery: impact of complex coronary anatomy in modern bypass surgery? Lessons learned from the SYNTAX trial after two years. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 141: 130-40.
[30]
Farooq V, Serruys PW, Garcia-Garcia HM, et al. The negative impact of incomplete angiographic revascularization on clinical outcomes and its association with total occlusions: the SYNTAX (synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with taxus and cardiac surgery) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61: 282-94.
[31]
Suero JA, Marso SP, Jones PG, et al. Procedural outcomes and long-term survival among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention of a chronic total occlusion in native coronary arteries: a 20-year experience. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38: 409-14.
[32]
Olivari Z, Rubartelli P, Piscione F, et al. Immediate results and one-year clinical outcome after percutaneous coronary interventions in chronic total occlusions: data from a multicenter, prospective, observational study (TOAST-GISE). J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 1672-8.
[33]
Hoye A, van Domburg RT, Sonnenschein K, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusions: the Thoraxcenter experience 1992-2002. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 2630-6.
[34]
Valenti R, Migliorini A, Signorini U, et al. Impact of complete revascularization with percutaneous coronary intervention on survival in patients with at least one chronic total occlusion. Eur Heart J 2008; 29: 2336-42.
[35]
Prasad A, Rihal CS, Lennon RJ, et al. Trends in outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusions: a 25-year experience from the Mayo Clinic. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49: 1611-8.
[36]
Galassi AR, Tomasello SD, Reifart N, et al. In-hospital outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with chronic total occlusion: insights from the ERCTO (European Registry of Chronic Total Occlusion) registry. EuroIntervention 2011; 7: 472-9.
[37]
Jones DA, Weerackody R, Rathod K, et al. Successful recanalization of chronic total occlusions is associated with improved long-term survival. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2012; 5: 380-8.
[38]
Borgia F, Viceconte N, Ali O, et al. Improved cardiac survival, freedom from MACE and angina-related quality of life after successful percutaneous recanalization of coronary artery chronic total occlusions. Int J Cardiol 2012; 161: 31-8.
[39]
Safley DM, House JA, Marso SP, et al. Improvement in survival following successful percutaneous coronary intervention of coronary chronic total occlusions: variability by target vessel. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2008; 1: 295-302.
[40]
Ramunddal T, Hoebers LP, Henriques JP, et al. Prognostic impact of chronic total occlusions: a report from scaar (Swedish coronary angiography and angioplasty registry). JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2016; 9: 1535-44.
[41]
George S, Cockburn J, Clayton TC, et al. Long-term follow-up of elective chronic total coronary occlusion angioplasty: analysis from the U.K. Central Cardiac Audit Database. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 64: 235-43.
[42]
Jang WJ, Yang JH, Choi SH, et al. Long-term survival benefit of revascularization compared with medical therapy in patients with coronary chronic total occlusion and well-developed collateral circulation. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2015; 8: 271-9.
[43]
Galassi AR, Sianos G, Werner GS, et al. Retrograde recanalization of chronic total occlusions in europe: procedural, in-hospital, and long-term outcomes from the multicenter ERCTO registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65: 2388-400.
[44]
Zhang HP, Zhao Y, Li H, et al. Impact of chronic total occlusion in a noninfarct-related artery on clinical outcomes in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Medicine 2016; 95: e2441.
[45]
Toma A, Gick M, Minners J, et al. Survival after percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusion. Clin Res Cardiol 2016; 105: 921-9.
[46]
Lee PH, Lee SW, Park HS, et al. Successful recanalization of native coronary chronic total occlusion is not associated with improved long-term survival. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2016; 9: 530-8.
[47]
Martinez-Parachini JR, Karatasakis A, Karmpaliotis D, et al. Impact of diabetes mellitus on acute outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention in chronic total occlusions: insights from a US multicentre registry. Diabet Med 2017; 34: 558-62.
[48]
Salisbury AC, Sapontis J, Grantham JA, et al. Outcomes of chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with diabetes: insights from the OPEN CTO Registry. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2017; 10: 2174-81.
[49]
Safley DM, Grantham JA, Hatch J, et al. Quality of life benefits of percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic occlusions. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2014; 84: 629-34.
[50]
Spertus JA, Winder JA, Dewhurst TA, et al. Monitoring the quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1994; 74: 1240-4.
[51]
Grantham JA, Jones PG, Cannon L, et al. Quantifying the early health status benefits of successful chronic total occlusion recanalization: results from the FlowCardia’s approach to chronic total occlusion recanalization (FACTOR) trial. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2010; 3: 284-90.
[52]
Patel MR, Dehmer GJ, Hirshfeld JW, et al. ACCF/SCAI/STS/AATS/AHA/ASNC/HFSA/SCCT 2012 appropriate use criteria for coronary revascularization focused update: a report of the American college of cardiology foundation appropriate use criteria task force, society for cardiovascular angiography and interventions, society of thoracic surgeons, American association for thoracic surgery, American heart association, American society of nuclear cardiology, and the society of cardiovascular computed tomography. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 143: 780-803.
[53]
Safley DM, Koshy S, Grantham JA, et al. Changes in myocardial ischemic burden following percutaneous coronary intervention of chronic total occlusions. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2011; 78: 337-43.
[54]
Sun D, Wang J, Tian Y, et al. Multimodality imaging evaluation of functional and clinical benefits of percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with chronic total occlusion lesion. Theranostics 2012; 2: 788-800.
[55]
Kirschbaum SW, Rossi A, Boersma E, et al. Combining magnetic resonance viability variables better predicts improvement of myocardial function prior to percutaneous coronary intervention. Int J Cardiol 2012; 159: 192-7.
[56]
Sachdeva R, Agrawal M, Flynn SE, et al. The myocardium supplied by a chronic total occlusion is a persistently ischemic zone. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2014; 83: 9-16.
[57]
Werner GS, Surber R, Ferrari M, et al. The functional reserve of collaterals supplying long-term chronic total coronary occlusions in patients without prior myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 2406-12.
[58]
Nii H, Wagatsuma K, Kabuki T, et al. Significance of percutaneous transluminal coronary intervention for chronic total occlusions assessed as non-viable by myocardial scintigraphy. J Cardiol 2007; 50: 363-70.
[59]
Tajstra M, Pyka L, Gorol J, et al. Impact of chronic total occlusion of the coronary artery on long-term prognosis in patients with ischemic systolic heart failure: insights from the COMMIT-HF registry. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2016; 9: 1790-7.
[60]
Chadid P, Markovic S, Bernhardt P, et al. Improvement of regional and global left ventricular function in magnetic resonance imaging after recanalization of true coronary chronic total occlusions. Cardiovasc Revasc Med 2015; 16: 228-32.
[61]
Sirnes PA, Myreng Y, Molstad P, et al. Improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction and wall motion after successful recanalization of chronic coronary occlusions. Eur Heart J 1998; 19: 273-81.
[62]
Baks T, van Geuns RJ, Duncker DJ, et al. Prediction of left ventricular function after drug-eluting stent implantation for chronic total coronary occlusions. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 721-5.
[63]
Kirschbaum SW, Baks T, van den Ent M, et al. Evaluation of left ventricular function three years after percutaneous recanalization of chronic total coronary occlusions. Am J Cardiol 2008; 101: 179-85.
[64]
Dzavik V, Buller CE, Lamas GA, et al. Randomized trial of percutaneous coronary intervention for subacute infarct-related coronary artery occlusion to achieve long-term patency and improve ventricular function: the total occlusion study of Canada (TOSCA)-2 trial. Circulation 2006; 114: 2449-57.
[65]
Hochman JS, Lamas GA, Knatterud GL, et al. Design and methodology of the occluded artery trial (OAT). Am Heart J 2005; 150: 627-42.
[66]
Danchin N, Angioi M, Cador R, et al. Effect of late percutaneous angioplastic recanalization of total coronary artery occlusion on left ventricular remodeling, ejection fraction, and regional wall motion. Am J Cardiol 1996; 78: 729-35.
[67]
Rambaldi R, Hamburger JN, Geleijnse ML, et al. Early recovery of wall motion abnormalities after recanalization of chronic totally occluded coronary arteries: a dobutamine echocardiographic, prospective, single-center experience. Am Heart J 1998; 136: 831-6.
[68]
Cheng AS, Selvanayagam JB, Jerosch-Herold M, et al. Percutaneous treatment of chronic total coronary occlusions improves regional hyperemic myocardial blood flow and contractility: insights from quantitative cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2008; 1: 44-53.
[69]
Hoebers LP, Claessen BE, Elias J, et al. Meta-analysis on the impact of percutaneous coronary intervention of chronic total occlusions on left ventricular function and clinical outcome. Int J Cardiol 2015; 187: 90-6.
[70]
Galassi AR, Boukhris M, Toma A, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention of chronic total occlusions in patients with low left ventricular ejection fraction. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2017; 10: 2158-70.
[71]
Morino Y, Abe M, Morimoto T, et al. Predicting successful guidewire crossing through chronic total occlusion of native coronary lesions within 30 minutes: the J-CTO (Multicenter CTO Registry in Japan) score as a difficulty grading and time assessment tool. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2011; 4: 213-21.
[72]
Christopoulos G, Kandzari DE, Yeh RW, et al. Development and validation of a novel scoring system for predicting technical success of chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary interventions: The Progress CTO (Prospective Global Registry for the Study of Chronic Total Occlusion Intervention) score. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2016; 9: 1-9.
[73]
Danek BA, Karatasakis A, Tajti P, et al. Incidence, treatment, and outcomes of coronary perforation during chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol 2017; 120: 1285-92.
[74]
Patel VG, Brayton KM, Tamayo A, et al. Angiographic success and procedural complications in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary chronic total occlusion interventions: a weighted meta-analysis of 18,061 patients from 65 studies. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2013; 6: 128-36.
[75]
Ursoniu S, Mikhailidis DP, Serban MC, et al. The effect of statins on cardiovascular outcomes by smoking status: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacol Res 2017; 122: 105-17.
[76]
Athyros VG, Gossios TD, Tziomalos K, et al. Is there an additional benefit from coronary revascularization in diabetic patients with acute coronary syndromes or stable angina who are already on optimal medical treatment? Arch Med Sci 2011; 7: 1067-75.
[77]
Mukherjee D. Management of refractory angina in the contemporary era. Eur Heart J 2013; 34: 2655-7.
[78]
Padala SK, Lavelle MP, Sidhu MS, et al. Antianginal therapy for stable ischemic heart disease: a contemporary review. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2017; 22: 499-510.
[79]
Bhatt AB, Stone PH. Current strategies for the prevention of angina in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Curr Opin Cardiol 2006; 21: 492-502.
[80]
Kones R. Recent advances in the management of chronic stable angina II. Anti-ischemic therapy, options for refractory angina, risk factor reduction, and revascularization. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2010; 6: 749-74.
[81]
Vadnais DS, Wenger NK. Emerging clinical role of ranolazine in the management of angina. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2010; 6: 517-30.
[82]
Levine GN, Bates ER, Bittl JA, et al. 2016 ACC/AHA guideline focused update on duration of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery disease: A report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016; 152: 1243-75.
[83]
Lee SH, Yang JH, Choi SH, et al. Duration of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention for coronary chronic total occlusion. PLoS One 2017; 12: e0176737.
[84]
Brilakis ES, Banerjee S, Karmpaliotis D, et al. Procedural outcomes of chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention: a report from the NCDR (National Cardiovascular Data Registry). JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2015; 8: 245-53.
[85]
Tsai TT, Stanislawski MA, Shunk KA, et al. Contemporary incidence, management, and long-term outcomes of percutaneous coronary interventions for chronic coronary artery total occlusions: insights from the VA CART program. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2017; 10: 866-75.
[86]
Levine GN, Bates ER, Blankenship JC, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI guideline for percutaneous coronary intervention. a report of the american college of cardiology foundation/American heart association task force on practice guidelines and the society for cardiovascular angiography and interventions. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58: 44-122.
[87]
Kolh P, Windecker S, Alfonso F, et al. 2014 ESC/EACTS guidelines on myocardial revascularization: the task force on myocardial revascularization of the european society of cardiology (ESC) and the European association for cardio-thoracic surgery (EACTS). Developed with the special contribution of the European association of percutaneous cardiovascular interventions (EAPCI). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2014; 46: 517-92.
[88]
Joyal D, Afilalo J, Rinfret S. Effectiveness of recanalization of chronic total occlusions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am Heart J 2010; 160: 179-87.
[89]
Christakopoulos GE, Christopoulos G, Carlino M, et al. Meta-analysis of clinical outcomes of patients who underwent percutaneous coronary interventions for chronic total occlusions. Am J Cardiol 2015; 115: 1367-75.
[90]
Stone GW, Reifart NJ, Moussa I, et al. Percutaneous recanalization of chronically occluded coronary arteries: a consensus document: part II. Circulation 2005; 112: 2530-7.
[91]
Ybarra LF, Piazza N, Brilakis E, et al. Clinical endpoints and key data elements in percutaneous coronary intervention of coronary chronic total occlusion studies: a call to the academic research consortium for standardized definitions. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2017; 10: 2185-7.
[92]
Jolicoeur EM, Sketch MJ, Wojdyla DM, et al. Percutaneous coronary interventions and cardiovascular outcomes for patients with chronic total occlusions. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2012; 79: 603-12.
