Title:Facial Pain Expression in Dementia: A Review of the Experimental and Clinical Evidence
Volume: 14
Issue: 5
Author(s): Stefan Lautenbacher and Miriam Kunz
Affiliation:
Keywords:
Dementia, Alzheimer's disease, facial action coding system, facial expression, observational scales, pain.
Abstract: The analysis of the facial expression of pain promises to be one of the most sensitive tools
for the detection of pain in patients with moderate to severe forms of dementia, who can no longer
self-report pain. Fine-grain analysis using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) is possible in research
but not feasible for clinical use at the moment because it is too time and effort consuming.
Studies using the FACS showed either enhanced facial responses or no alterations of facial activity
during pain in patients with cognitive impairment. Pain assessment in the clinical context relies
strongly on the use of observational scales when self-report has become invalid. All of the established
scales include items describing facial responses to pain. Despite this agreement, the content of these
face items is very different, ranging from anatomically-based descriptions to inference of internal
states. Recent studies let the anatomical orientation appear more promising. Automated video systems
for the detection of pain in patients with dementia may lead to ground-breaking improvements of pain
care in the future.
