Title:Cancer Stem Cells in Solid and Liquid Tissues of Breast Cancer Patients: Characterization and Therapeutic Perspectives
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Author(s): Rena Chiotaki, Hara Polioudaki and Panayiotis A. Theodoropoulos
Affiliation:
Keywords:
Breast cancer, cancer stem cells, circulating tumor cells, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, targeting of cancer
stem cells.
Abstract: Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) represent a heterogeneous subpopulation of rare cells
within breast cancer tumors, displaying an enhanced tumor initiating capability and underlying
disease progression and therapy resistance. Unraveling their phenotypic, biological and functional
profile is a major challenge in the context of diminishing patient mortality. In this review, following a
brief description on how cancer stem cells (CSCs) and their microenvironment contribute to tumor
preservation and heterogeneity, we summarize the current literature regarding the molecular
signature of BCSCs either localized in the primary tumor or circulating in the blood of breast cancer
patients. We present recent data on specific stem and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
markers designating the BCSC subpopulation and underline their pathogenic significance. The molecular characterization
of BCSCs has promoted the design of novel therapeutic approaches targeting the BCSC subpopulation which are currently
being experimentally and clinically evaluated. We highlight recent advances on the development of novel BCSC-targeting
therapeutic strategies including the inhibition of cell signaling pathways, differentiation therapy, metabolic interference
and nucleotide-, bio- and nano-technology based approaches. Eliminating the chemo- and radio-resistance properties of
breast cancer tumor cells via BCSC-directed therapies, combined to conventional therapeutic approaches, will augment
the effectiveness of breast cancer treatment and improve the clinical outcome of breast cancer patients.
