Title:Novel Risk Factors Related to Stable Angina
Volume: 19
Issue: 9
Author(s): Gerasimos Siasos, Dimitris Tousoulis, Dimitrios Athanasiou, Evangelos Oikonomou, Panagiotis Tourikis, Nikolaos Gouliopoulos, Maria Limperi, Anna-Maria Kampoli, Kostas Toutouzas, Athanasios G. Papavassiliou and Christodoulos Stefanadis
Affiliation:
Keywords:
Acute coronary syndrome, atherosclerosis, biomarkers, coronary artery disease, inflammation, prognosis, risk factor, stable angina, myocardial infarction, predictive value
Abstract: Stable angina (SA) pectoris is a common and disabling disorder in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), with increasing
epidemiology and is associated with myocardial infarction and increased mortality. However, within the population of SA patients, an
individual’s prognosis can vary considerably. Except from conventional risk factors a variety of biomarkers have been evaluated for their
prognostic significance in the settings of SA. Novel biomarkers associated with inflammatory status, such as C reactive protein and tumor
necrosis factor alpha, with myocardial performance, such as B-type natriuretic peptide, with extracellular matrix remodeling, with vascular
calcification such as osteoprotogerin and osteopontin, with myocardial ischemia, such as ischemia modified albumin have been associated
with the progression of CAD and with the prognosis of SA patients. Despite the multiplicity of novel biomarkers there is lack of a
clinical useful, highly specific for CAD biomarker with the ability to guide treatment decisions. In the context of this evidence in this review
article we summarize the so far acquired knowledge of the most promising biomarkers and we discuss the major clinical correlations
of novel risk factors with SA physical history, their predictive value for future cardiovascular events and their use in the treatment
monitoring of this population.
