Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1381-6128
ISSN (Online): 1873-4286

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Investigating Bacopa monnieri L. Therapeutic Potential for the Treatment of Neurological Diseases

Author(s): Pratima Srivastava*, Dhananjay Yadav*, Santosh Kumar Singh, Sung Hae Kim, Shivendra Singh, Shweta Katiyar and Minseok Song

Volume 30, Issue 13, 2024

Published on: 18 March, 2024

Page: [1016 - 1030] Pages: 15

DOI: 10.2174/0113816128288698240305094945

Price: $65

Open Access Journals Promotions 2
Abstract

The popular perennial creeping plant known as Bacopa monnieri (also known as Brahmi) is being utilized in the Indian Ayurvedic medicine practice. It has a variety of bioactive phytoconstituents that have been used therapeutically to treat a number of serious illnesses. Ancient Vedic scholars used this herb because of its pharmacological effects, particularly as a nerve booster and nootropic supporter. However, it is vital to comprehend the active phytochemical components of Bacopa monnieri extract (BME) and their molecular mechanisms in order to better grasp the effect of BME on neurological illnesses and diseases. Understanding its active phytochemical constituents and their molecular processes is essential. Numerous clinical investigations indicated that BME may have neuroprotective benefits, so it is worthwhile to re-evaluate this wellknown plant. Here, we focused on neurological problems as we examined the pharmacological and phytochemical characteristics of BME. For their effective usage in neuroprotection and cognition, many clinical concerns and the synergistic potential of Bacopa extract have been investigated. Alzheimer’s disease is a neurological condition caused by the production of reactive oxygen species, which also causes amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau protein aggregation and increases neuro-inflammation and neurotoxicity. Our review offers a more indepth molecular understanding of the neuroprotective functions of BME, which can also be connected to its therapeutic management of neurological illnesses and cognitive-improving effects.

Keywords: Bacopa monnieri extract, tau protein, amyloid-beta, neuroprotective, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson's disease.

Next »
[1]
Zhang X. WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002-2005. 2002. Available from: https://www.iso.org/standard/70958.html
[2]
Darokar MP, Khanuja SPS, Kumar Shasany A, Kumar S. Low levels of genetic diversity detected by RAPD analysis in geographically distinct accessions of Bacopa monnieri. Genet Resour Crop Evol 2001; 48(6): 555-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013800101604]
[3]
Joshi H, Parle M. Brahmi rasayana improves learning and memory in mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2006; 3(1): 79-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nek014] [PMID: 16550227]
[4]
Singh H, Raghav S, Dalal PK, Srivastava JS, Asthana OP. Randomized controlled trial of standardized Bacopa monniera extract in age-associated memory impairment. Indian J Psychiatry 2006; 48(4): 238-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.31555] [PMID: 20703343]
[5]
Phrompittayarat W, Putalun W, Tanaka H, Jetiyanon K, Wittaya-Areekul S, Ingkaninan K. Comparison of various extraction methods of Bacopa monnieri. NUJST 2013; 15: 29-34.
[6]
Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya A, Kumar A, Ghosal S. Antioxidant activity of Bacopa monniera in rat frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus. Phytother Res 2000; 14(3): 174-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(200005)14:3<174::AID-PTR624>3.0.CO;2-O] [PMID: 10815010]
[7]
Jyoti A, Sharma D. Neuroprotective role of Bacopa monniera extract against aluminium-induced oxidative stress in the hippocampus of rat brain. Neurotoxicology 2006; 27(4): 451-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2005.12.007] [PMID: 16500707]
[8]
Russo A, Borrelli F. Bacopa monniera, a reputed nootropic plant: an overview. Phytomedicine 2005; 12(4): 305-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2003.12.008] [PMID: 15898709]
[9]
Murthy PBS, Raju VR, Ramakrisana T, et al. Estimation of twelve bacopa saponins in Bacopa monnieri extracts and formulations by high-performance liquid chromatography. Chem Pharm Bull 2006; 54(6): 907-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.54.907] [PMID: 16755069]
[10]
Gudipati T, Srivastava P, Bhadauria R, Prasad G. Hepatoprotective potential of in vitro Bacopa monnieri (L.) against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in albino mice. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 2012; 3: 664-72.
[11]
Gudipati T, Srivastava P, Goswami H, Bhadauria R. In vitro conservation of Bacopa monnieri germplasm: A critically endangered medicinal plant of madhya pradesh. J Indian Bot Soc 2012; 91: 83-91.
[12]
Negi K, Singh Y, Kushwaha K, et al. Clinical evaluation of memory enhancing properties of memory plus in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Indian J Psychiatry 2000; 42(4)
[13]
Biharee A, Chaudhari L, Bhartiya S, et al. A comprehensive study on natural products and their bioactive constituents to cure respiratory diseases. Nat Prod J 2024; 14(2): e120623217879.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210315513666230612111133]
[14]
Trupti P, Aditi C, Kajal K, Nameerah R, Rakhe N, Shaikh KA. Ayurvedic remedies of tuberculosis. World J Adv Res Rev 2021; 11(3): 280-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.11.3.0466]
[15]
Makhaik M S, Shakya A K, Kale R. Dietary phytochemicals: As a natural source of antioxidants. In: Antioxidants - Benefits, Sources, Mechanisms of Action IntechOpen. 2021.
[16]
Husain A, Kaushik A, Awasthi H, Singh DP, Khan R, Mani D. Immunomodulatory and antioxidant activities of fresh juice extracts of Brahmi and Guduchi. Indian J Tradit Knowl 2017; 16: 498-505.
[17]
Bairy K. Wound healing potentials of plant products. J Nat Rem 2002; 2: 11-20.
[18]
Mondal S, Bhar K, Mondal P, et al. In quest of the mysterious holistic vedic herb Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell. Pharmacognosy Res 2023; 15(3): 410-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/pres.15.3.045]
[19]
Ramadas D, Ravishankar M, Shwetha S, Chikkanna D. Phytochemical studies and antioxidant activity of Bacopa monnieri plant leaves proteins. Indo Am J Pharm Res 2016; 6: 4302-7.
[20]
Sivaramakrishna C, Rao CV, Trimurtulu G, Vanisree M, Subbaraju GV. Triterpenoid glycosides from Bacopa monnieri. Phytochemistry 2005; 66(23): 2719-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.09.016] [PMID: 16293276]
[21]
Bhandari P, Kumar N, Singh B, Kaul VK. Bacosterol glycoside, a new 13,14-seco-steroid glycoside from Bacopa monnieri. Chem Pharm Bull 2006; 54(2): 240-1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.54.240] [PMID: 16462073]
[22]
Jeyasri R, Muthuramalingam P, Suba V, Ramesh M, Chen JT. Bacopa monnieri and their bioactive compounds inferred multi-target treatment strategy for neurological diseases: A cheminformatics and system pharmacology approach. Biomolecules 2020; 10(4): 536.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10040536] [PMID: 32252235]
[23]
Jeyasri R, Muthuramalingam P, Adarshan S, Shin H, Ramesh M. Assessing the anti-inflammatory effects of bacopa-derived bioactive compounds using network pharmacology and in vitro studies. ACS Omega 2022; 7(44): 40344-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c05318] [PMID: 36385888]
[24]
Yaribeygi H, Panahi Y, Javadi B, Sahebkar A. The underlying role of oxidative stress in neurodegeneration: A mechanistic review. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2018; 17: 207-15.
[25]
Rehman MU, Sehar N, Dar NJ, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunctions, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation as therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases: An update on current advances and impediments. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 144: 104961.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104961] [PMID: 36395982]
[26]
Hague SM, Klaffke S, Bandmann O. Neurodegenerative disorders: Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76(8): 1058-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2004.060186] [PMID: 16024878]
[27]
Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM. “Fatal attractions” of proteins. A comprehensive hypothetical mechanism underlying Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; 924(1): 62-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05561.x] [PMID: 11193803]
[28]
Jennekens FGI. A short history of the notion of neurodegenerative disease. J Hist Neurosci 2014; 23(1): 85-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0964704X.2013.809297] [PMID: 24512132]
[29]
Radunovic A, Annane D, Rafiq MK, Brassington R, Mustfa N. Mechanical ventilation for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease. Cochrane Libr 2017; 2018(6): CD004427.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004427.pub4] [PMID: 28982219]
[30]
Sharifi-Rad M, Lankatillake C, Dias DA, et al. Impact of natural compounds on neurodegenerative disorders: From preclinical to pharmacotherapeutics. J Clin Med 2020; 9(4): 1061.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041061] [PMID: 32276438]
[31]
Hussain G, Rasul A, Anwar H, et al. Role of plant derived alkaloids and their mechanism in neurodegenerative disorders. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14(3): 341-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.23247] [PMID: 29559851]
[32]
Singh K, Yadav D, Chauhan PS, Mishra M, Jin JO. Novel therapeutics for the treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26(7): 755-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200107161051] [PMID: 31914906]
[33]
Chauhan P S, Yadav D, Arukha A P. Dietary nutrients and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2022; 21: 217-27.
[34]
Koul B, Farooq U, Yadav D, Song M. Phytochemicals: A promising alternative for the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease. Life 2023; 13(4): 999.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13040999] [PMID: 37109528]
[35]
Chauhan PS, Yadav D, Koul B, Mohanta YK, Jin JO. Recent advances in nanotechnology: A novel therapeutic system for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 21(14): 1144-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389200221666201124140518] [PMID: 33234100]
[36]
Shankar PS, Preeti B, Santanu B, Gajanan D, Rupesh D. Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) as functional food ingredient in food processing industry. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2018; 7: 189-94.
[37]
Otari SS, Devkar SP, Patel SB, Ghane SG. Micropropagation and elicited production of triterpenoid saponin glycosides and stigmasterol via precursor and elicitor feeding in Bacopa floribunda (R.Br.) Wettst-A potential nootropic herb. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14: 1096842.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1096842] [PMID: 36798714]
[38]
Fatima U, Roy S, Ahmad S, et al. Pharmacological attributes of Bacopa monnieri extract: Current updates and clinical manifestation. Front Nutr 2022; 9: 972379.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.972379] [PMID: 36061899]
[39]
Kumari A, Kumar A, Mandal S, Roy P, Sircar D. A metabolic reprogramming in Bacopa monnieri plants induced by methyl-jasmonate and enhanced biosynthesis of triterpene saponins. Ind Crops Prod 2023; 204: 117241.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.117241]
[40]
Saesong T, Allard P-M, Queiroz EF, et al. Discovery of lipid peroxidation inhibitors from Bacopa species prioritized through multivariate data analysis and multi-informative molecular networking. Molecules 2019; 24(16): 2989.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24162989] [PMID: 31426532]
[41]
Giramkar SA, Kulkarni OP, Jagtap SD, et al. Anticonvulsant potential of commonly practiced formulations of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri Linn.) in Wistar rats. J Pharm Res 2013; 7(9): 787-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jopr.2013.09.008]
[42]
Khan MB, Ahmad M, Ahmad S, et al. Bacopa monniera ameliorates cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration induced by intracerebroventricular-streptozotocin in rat: behavioral, biochemical, immunohistochemical and histopathological evidences. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30(1): 115-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11011-014-9593-5] [PMID: 25037167]
[43]
Dhanasekaran M, Tharakan B, Holcomb LA, Hitt AR, Young KA, Manyam BV. Neuroprotective mechanisms of ayurvedic antidementia botanical Bacopa monniera. Phytother Res 2007; 21(10): 965-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2195] [PMID: 17604373]
[44]
Mathew J, Balakrishnan S, Antony S, Abraham PM, Paulose CS. Decreased GABA receptor in the cerebral cortex of epileptic rats: effect of Bacopa monnieri and Bacoside-A. J Biomed Sci 2012; 19(1): 25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1423-0127-19-25] [PMID: 22364254]
[45]
Hasler G. Pathophysiology of depression: Do we have any solid evidence of interest to clinicians? World Psychiatry 2010; 9(3): 155-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2010.tb00298.x] [PMID: 20975857]
[46]
Craft LL, Perna FM. The benefits of exercise for the clinically depressed. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 6(3): 104-11.
[PMID: 15361924]
[47]
Moncrieff J, Cooper RE, Stockmann T, Amendola S, Hengartner MP, Horowitz MA. The serotonin theory of depression: A systematic umbrella review of the evidence. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28(8): 3243-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41380-022-01661-0] [PMID: 35854107]
[48]
Sairam K, Dorababu M, Goel RK, Bhattacharya SK. Antidepressant activity of standardized extract of Bacopa monniera in experimental models of depression in rats. Phytomedicine 2002; 9(3): 207-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/0944-7113-00116] [PMID: 12046860]
[49]
Hazra S, Banerjee R, Das BK, et al. Evaluation of antidepressant activity of Bacopa monnieri in rat: A study in animal model of depression. Drug Discov 2012; 2: 8-13.
[50]
Rai D, Bhatia G, Palit G, Pal R, Singh S, Singh HK. Adaptogenic effect of Bacopa monniera (Brahmi). Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2003; 75(4): 823-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0091-3057(03)00156-4] [PMID: 12957224]
[51]
Shahid M, Subhan F, Ullah I, Ali G, Alam J, Shah R. Beneficial effects of Bacopa monnieri extract on opioid induced toxicity. Heliyon 2016; 2(2): e00068.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00068] [PMID: 27441247]
[52]
Akram M, Nawaz A. Effects of medicinal plants on Alzheimer’s disease and memory deficits. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12(4): 660-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.205108] [PMID: 28553349]
[53]
Gold CA, Budson AE. Memory loss in Alzheimer’s disease: Implications for development of therapeutics. Expert Rev Neurother 2008; 8(12): 1879-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14737175.8.12.1879] [PMID: 19086882]
[54]
Singhal A, Bangar OP, Naithani V. Medicinal plants with a potential to treat Alzheimer and associated symptoms. Int J Nutr Pharmacol Neurol Dis 2012; 2(2): 84-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2231-0738.95927]
[55]
Glabe C. Intracellular mechanisms of amyloid accumulation and pathogenesis in Alzheimer’s disease. J Mol Neurosci 2001; 17(2): 137-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/JMN:17:2:137] [PMID: 11816787]
[56]
Takahashi RH, Nagao T, Gouras GK. Plaque formation and the intraneuronal accumulation of β‐amyloid in Alzheimer’s disease. Pathol Int 2017; 67(4): 185-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pin.12520] [PMID: 28261941]
[57]
Liguori I, Russo G, Curcio F, et al. Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases. Clin Interv Aging 2018; 13: 757-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S158513] [PMID: 29731617]
[58]
Malishev R, Shaham-Niv S, Nandi S, Kolusheva S, Gazit E, Jelinek R. Bacoside-A, an Indian traditional-medicine substance, inhibits β-amyloid cytotoxicity, fibrillation, and membrane interactions. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8(4): 884-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00438] [PMID: 28094495]
[59]
Golde TE, Schneider LS, Koo EH. Anti-aβ therapeutics in Alzheimer’s disease: The need for a paradigm shift. Neuron 2011; 69(2): 203-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.01.002] [PMID: 21262461]
[60]
Abdul Manap AS, Vijayabalan S, Madhavan P, et al. Bacopa monnieri, a neuroprotective lead in Alzheimer disease: A review on its properties, mechanisms of action, and preclinical and clinical studies. Drug Target Insights 2019; 13: 1177392819866412.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1177392819866412] [PMID: 31391778]
[61]
Wiatrak B, Jawień P, Matuszewska A, Szeląg A, Kubis-Kubiak A. Effect of amyloid-β on the redox system activity in SH-SY5Y cells preincubated with lipopolysaccharide or co-cultured with microglia cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149: 112880.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112880] [PMID: 35367762]
[62]
Goswami S, Saoji A, Kumar N, Thawani V, Tiwari M, Thawani M. Effect of Bacopa monnieri on cognitive functions in Alzheimer’s disease patients. Int J Collaborat Res Int Med Public Health 2011; 3: 285-93.
[63]
Kunte KB, Kuna Y. Neuroprotective effect of Bacopa monniera on memory deficits and ATPase system in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) induced mice. J Sci Innov Res 2013; 2: 719-35.
[64]
Uabundit N, Wattanathorn J, Mucimapura S, Ingkaninan K. Cognitive enhancement and neuroprotective effects of Bacopa monnieri in Alzheimer’s disease model. J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 127(1): 26-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.09.056] [PMID: 19808086]
[65]
Morgan A, Stevens J. Does Bacopa monnieri improve memory performance in older persons? Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. J Altern Complement Med 2010; 16(7): 753-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acm.2009.0342] [PMID: 20590480]
[66]
McPhee GM, Downey LA, Wesnes KA, Stough C. The neurocognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri and cognitive training on markers of brain microstructure in healthy older adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13: 638109.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.638109] [PMID: 33692683]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
32
2
Wayfinder Image
Open Access Journals Promotions
World Antimicrobial Awareness Week
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy