Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Alzheimer Research

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1567-2050
ISSN (Online): 1875-5828

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe Translate in Chinese
Research Article

The Association of Allergy-Related and Non-Allergy-Related Olfactory Impairment with Cognitive Function in Older Adults: Two Cross- Sectional Studies

Author(s): Hui Chen, Yihong Ding, Liyan Huang, Wansi Zhong, Xiaojun Lin, Baoyue Zhang, Yan Zheng, Xin Xu, Min Lou and Changzheng Yuan*

Volume 20, Issue 11, 2023

Published on: 21 February, 2024

Page: [811 - 820] Pages: 10

DOI: 10.2174/0115672050284179240215052257

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Evidence on the association of Olfactory Impairment (OI) with age-related cognitive decline is inconclusive, and the potential influence of allergy remains unclear.

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the cross-sectional associations of allergy-related and non-allergy- related OI to cognitive function.

Methods: We included 2,499 participants from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS)-Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP) sub-study and 1,086 participants from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA)-HCAP. The Olfactory Function Field Exam (OFFE) using Sniffin’ Stick odor pens was used to objectively assess olfactory function and an olfactory score <6/11 indicated OI. Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) was used to assess global cognitive function and define cognitive impairment (<24/30). A neuropsychologic battery was used to assess five cognitive domains.

Results: Compared to non-OI participants, individuals with OI had lower MMSE z-score [βHRS = -0.33, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): -0.41 to -0.24; βELSA = -0.31, -0.43 to -0.18] and higher prevalence of cognitive impairment (Prevalence Ratio (PR)HRS = 1.46, 1.06 to 2.01; PRELSA = 1.63, 1.26 to 2.11). The associations were stronger for non-allergy-related OI (βHRS = -0.36; βELSA = -0.34) than for allergy-related OI (βHRS = -0.26; βELSA = 0.13). Similar associations were observed with domain- specific cognitive function measures.

Conclusion: OI, particularly non-allergy-related OI, was related to poorer cognitive function in older adults. Although the current cross-sectional study is subject to several limitations, such as reverse causality and residual confounding, the findings will provide insights into the OI-cognition association and enlighten future attention to non-allergy-related OI for the prevention of potential cognitive impairment.

Keywords: Global cognitive function, cognitive domains, cognitive impairment, olfactory impairment, allergic status, crosssectional studies.

« Previous
[1]
Nichols, E.; Szoeke, C.E.I.; Vollset, S.E.; Abbasi, N.; Abd-Allah, F.; Abdela, J.; Aichour, M.T.E.; Akinyemi, R.O.; Alahdab, F.; Asgedom, S.W.; Awasthi, A.; Barker-Collo, S.L.; Baune, B.T.; Béjot, Y.; Belachew, A.B.; Bennett, D.A.; Biadgo, B.; Bijani, A.; Bin Sayeed, M.S.; Brayne, C.; Carpenter, D.O.; Carvalho, F.; Catalá-López, F.; Cerin, E.; Choi, J-Y.J.; Dang, A.K.; Degefa, M.G.; Djalalinia, S.; Dubey, M.; Duken, E.E.; Edvardsson, D.; Endres, M.; Eskandarieh, S.; Faro, A.; Farzadfar, F.; Fereshtehnejad, S-M.; Fernandes, E.; Filip, I.; Fischer, F.; Gebre, A.K.; Geremew, D.; Ghasemi-Kasman, M.; Gnedovskaya, E.V.; Gupta, R.; Hachinski, V.; Hagos, T.B.; Hamidi, S.; Hankey, G.J.; Haro, J.M.; Hay, S.I.; Irvani, S.S.N.; Jha, R.P.; Jonas, J.B.; Kalani, R.; Karch, A.; Kasaeian, A.; Khader, Y.S.; Khalil, I.A.; Khan, E.A.; Khanna, T.; Khoja, T.A.M.; Khubchandani, J.; Kisa, A.; Kissimova-Skarbek, K.; Kivimäki, M.; Koyanagi, A.; Krohn, K.J.; Logroscino, G.; Lorkowski, S.; Majdan, M.; Malekzadeh, R.; März, W.; Massano, J.; Mengistu, G.; Meretoja, A.; Mohammadi, M.; Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani, M.; Mokdad, A.H.; Mondello, S.; Moradi, G.; Nagel, G.; Naghavi, M.; Naik, G.; Nguyen, L.H.; Nguyen, T.H.; Nirayo, Y.L.; Nixon, M.R.; Ofori-Asenso, R.; Ogbo, F.A.; Olagunju, A.T.; Owolabi, M.O.; Panda-Jonas, S.; Passos, V.M.A.; Pereira, D.M.; Pinilla-Monsalve, G.D.; Piradov, M.A.; Pond, C.D.; Poustchi, H.; Qorbani, M.; Radfar, A.; Reiner, R.C., Jr; Robinson, S.R.; Roshandel, G.; Rostami, A.; Russ, T.C.; Sachdev, P.S.; Safari, H.; Safiri, S.; Sahathevan, R.; Salimi, Y.; Satpathy, M.; Sawhney, M.; Saylan, M.; Sepanlou, S.G.; Shafieesabet, A.; Shaikh, M.A.; Sahraian, M.A.; Shigematsu, M.; Shiri, R.; Shiue, I.; Silva, J.P.; Smith, M.; Sobhani, S.; Stein, D.J.; Tabarés-Seisdedos, R.; Tovani-Palone, M.R.; Tran, B.X.; Tran, T.T.; Tsegay, A.T.; Ullah, I.; Venketasubramanian, N.; Vlassov, V.; Wang, Y-P.; Weiss, J.; Westerman, R.; Wijeratne, T.; Wyper, G.M.A.; Yano, Y.; Yimer, E.M.; Yonemoto, N.; Yousefifard, M.; Zaidi, Z.; Zare, Z.; Vos, T.; Feigin, V.L.; Murray, C.J.L. Global, regional, and national burden of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol., 2019, 18(1), 88-106.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30403-4] [PMID: 30497964]
[2]
World Health Organization. Dementia. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia
[PMID: 36918389]
[3]
2023 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimer's Dement., 2023, 19(4), 1598-1695.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/alz.13016] [PMID: 36918389]
[4]
Livingston, G.; Sommerlad, A.; Orgeta, V.; Costafreda, S.G.; Huntley, J.; Ames, D.; Ballard, C.; Banerjee, S.; Burns, A.; Cohen-Mansfield, J.; Cooper, C.; Fox, N.; Gitlin, L.N.; Howard, R.; Kales, H.C.; Larson, E.B.; Ritchie, K.; Rockwood, K.; Sampson, E.L.; Samus, Q.; Schneider, L.S.; Selbæk, G.; Teri, L.; Mukadam, N. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. Lancet, 2017, 390(10113), 2673-2734.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31363-6] [PMID: 28735855]
[5]
Hodson, R. Alzheimer’s disease. Nature, 2018, 559(7715), S1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-05717-6] [PMID: 30046078]
[6]
Dong, Y.; Li, Y.; Liu, K.; Han, X.; Liu, R.; Ren, Y.; Cong, L.; Zhang, Q.; Hou, T.; Song, L.; Tang, S.; Shi, L.; Luo, Y.; Kalpouzos, G.; Laukka, E.J.; Winblad, B.; Wang, Y.; Du, Y.; Qiu, C. Anosmia, mild cognitive impairment, and biomarkers of brain aging in older adults. Alzheimers Dement., 2023, 19(2), 589-601.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/alz.12777] [PMID: 36341691]
[7]
Fukumoto, T.; Ezaki, T.; Urakami, K. Verification of the association between cognitive decline and olfactory dysfunction using a Dementia screening kit in subjects with Alzheimer’s dementia, mild cognitive impairment, and normal cognitive function (DESK study): A multicenter, open-label, interventional study. eNeurologicalSci, 2022, 29, 100439.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ensci.2022.100439] [PMID: 36531966]
[8]
Dan, X.; Wechter, N.; Gray, S.; Mohanty, J.G.; Croteau, D.L.; Bohr, V.A. Olfactory dysfunction in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res. Rev., 2021, 70, 101416.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2021.101416] [PMID: 34325072]
[9]
Ramirez-Gomez, L.; Albers, M.W.; Baena, A.; Vila-Castelar, C.; Fox-Fuller, J.T.; Sanchez, J.; Jain, F.; Albers, A.D.; Lopera, F.; Quiroz, Y.T. Olfactory function and markers of brain pathology in non-demented individuals with autosomal dominant alzheimer’s disease. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2022, 88(2), 721-729.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-220075] [PMID: 35694921]
[10]
Roberts, R.O.; Christianson, T.J.H.; Kremers, W.K.; Mielke, M.M.; Machulda, M.M.; Vassilaki, M.; Alhurani, R.E.; Geda, Y.E.; Knopman, D.S.; Petersen, R.C. Association between olfactory dysfunction and amnestic mild cognitive impairment and alzheimer disease dementia. JAMA Neurol., 2016, 73(1), 93-101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.2952] [PMID: 26569387]
[11]
Devanand, D.P.; Lee, S.; Manly, J.; Andrews, H.; Schupf, N.; Doty, R.L.; Stern, Y.; Zahodne, L.B.; Louis, E.D.; Mayeux, R. Olfactory deficits predict cognitive decline and Alzheimer dementia in an urban community. Neurology, 2015, 84(2), 182-189.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000001132] [PMID: 25471394]
[12]
Churnin, I.; Qazi, J.; Fermin, C.R.; Wilson, J.H.; Payne, S.C.; Mattos, J.L. Association between olfactory and gustatory dysfunction and cognition in older adults. Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy, 2019, 33(2), 170-177.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1945892418824451] [PMID: 30632380]
[13]
Suzuki, H.; Teranishi, M.; Katayama, N.; Nakashima, T.; Sugiura, S.; Sone, M. Relationship between cognitive impairment and olfactory function among older adults with olfactory impairment. Auris Nasus Larynx, 2021, 48(3), 420-427.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anl.2020.11.020] [PMID: 33293191]
[14]
Park, H.; Kim, H.; Kim, S.; Cha, H. The association between olfactory function and cognitive impairment in older persons with cognitive impairments: A cross-sectional study. Healthcare, 2021, 9(4), 399.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9040399] [PMID: 33916102]
[15]
Yang, X.; Si, J.; Lin, S.; Zhou, X.; Zhang, H.; Sun, Z.; Pu, Y.; Li, Q.; Qiu, J.; Wang, L.; Song, C.; Yuan, C.; Wang, X.; Zheng, Y. Olfactory function, genetic predisposition, and cognitive performance in chinese adults. Curr. Alzheimer Res., 2021, 18(14), 1093-1103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205019666211222151851] [PMID: 34951364]
[16]
Choi, J.S.; Hur, K.; Chow, M.; Shen, J.; Wrobel, B. Olfactory dysfunction and cognition among older adults in the United States. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol., 2018, 8(5), 648-654.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/alr.22078] [PMID: 29360225]
[17]
Yi, J.S.; Hura, N.; Roxbury, C.R.; Lin, S.Y. Magnetic resonance imaging findings among individuals with olfactory and cognitive impairment. Laryngoscope, 2022, 132(1), 177-187.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lary.29812] [PMID: 34383302]
[18]
Chen, Z.; Xie, H.; Yao, L.; Wei, Y. Olfactory impairment and the risk of cognitive decline and dementia in older adults: A meta-analysis. Rev. Bras. Otorrinolaringol., 2021, 87(1), 94-102.
[PMID: 32978117]
[19]
Wilson, R.S.; Arnold, S.E.; Tang, Y.; Bennett, D.A. Odor identification and decline in different cognitive domains in old age. Neuroepidemiology, 2006, 26(2), 61-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000090250] [PMID: 16352908]
[20]
Olofsson, J.K.; Larsson, M.; Roa, C.; Wilson, D.A.; Laukka, J.E. Interaction between odor identification deficit and APOE4 predicts 6-year cognitive decline in elderly individuals. Behav. Genet., 2020, 50(1), 3-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10519-019-09980-9] [PMID: 31760549]
[21]
Wang, M.C.; Chiou, J.M.; Chen, Y.C.; Chen, J.H. Association between olfactory dysfunction and cognitive impairment in dementia-free older adults: A prospective cohort study in Taiwan. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2023, 96(4), 1477-1488.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-230319] [PMID: 37980657]
[22]
Swan, G.E.; Carmelli, D. Impaired olfaction predicts cognitive decline in nondemented older adults. Neuroepidemiology, 2002, 21(2), 58-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000048618] [PMID: 11901274]
[23]
Wang, B.; Chen, H.; Shen, J.; Zhong, W.; Zheng, Y.; Lou, M.; Tong, L.; Yuan, C. Multiple sensory impairments in relation to cognitive function: Two nationwide cross-sectional studies. Curr. Alzheimer Res., 2023, 20(5), 360-370.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205020666230816090903] [PMID: 37587821]
[24]
Roalf, D.R.; Moberg, M.J.; Turetsky, B.I.; Brennan, L.; Kabadi, S.; Wolk, D.A.; Moberg, P.J. A quantitative meta-analysis of olfactory dysfunction in mild cognitive impairment. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 2017, 88(3), 226-232.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2016-314638] [PMID: 28039318]
[25]
Tebrügge, S.; Winkler, A.; Gerards, D.; Weimar, C.; Moebus, S.; Jöckel, K.H.; Erbel, R.; Jokisch, M. Olfactory function is associated with cognitive performance: Results of the heinz nixdorf recall study. J. Alzheimers Dis., 2018, 63(1), 319-329.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-170863] [PMID: 29578482]
[26]
Langa, K.M.; Ryan, L.H.; McCammon, R.J.; Jones, R.N.; Manly, J.J.; Levine, D.A.; Sonnega, A.; Farron, M.; Weir, D.R. The health and retirement study harmonized cognitive assessment protocol project: Study design and methods. Neuroepidemiology, 2020, 54(1), 64-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000503004] [PMID: 31563909]
[27]
Cadar, D.; Abell, J.; Matthews, F.E.; Brayne, C.; Batty, G.D.; Llewellyn, D.J.; Steptoe, A. Cohort profile update: The harmonised cognitive assessment protocol sub-study of the english longitudinal study of ageing (ELSA-HCAP). Int. J. Epidemiol., 2021, 50(3), 725-726i.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaa227] [PMID: 33370436]
[28]
Schumm, LP; McClintock, M; Williams, S; Leitsch, S; Lundstrom, J; Hummel, T Assessment of sensory function in the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci., 2009, 64(S1), i76-i85.
[29]
Boesveldt, S.; Lindau, S.T.; McClintock, M.K.; Hummel, T.; Lundstrom, J.N. Gustatory and olfactory dysfunction in older adults: A national probability study. Rhinology, 2011, 49(3), 324-330.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/Rhino10.155] [PMID: 21858264]
[30]
Kern, D.W.; Wroblewski, K.E.; Schumm, L.P.; Pinto, J.M.; McClintock, M.K. Field survey measures of olfaction. Field methods, 2014, 26(4), 421-434.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525822X14547499] [PMID: 27226782]
[31]
Mueller, C.; Renner, B. A new procedure for the short screening of olfactory function using five items from the “Sniffin’ Sticks” identification test kit. Am. J. Rhinol., 2006, 20(1), 113-116.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194589240602000121] [PMID: 16539306]
[32]
Adams, D.R.; Ajmani, G.S.; Pun, V.C.; Wroblewski, K.E.; Kern, D.W.; Schumm, L.P.; McClintock, M.K.; Suh, H.H.; Pinto, J.M. Nitrogen dioxide pollution exposure is associated with olfactory dysfunction in older U.S. adults. Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol., 2016, 6(12), 1245-1252.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/alr.21829] [PMID: 27620703]
[33]
Folstein, M.F.; Folstein, S.E.; McHugh, P.R. “Mini-mental state”. J. Psychiatr. Res., 1975, 12(3), 189-198.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6] [PMID: 1202204]
[34]
Tombaugh, T.N.; McIntyre, N.J. The mini-mental state examination: A comprehensive review. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 1992, 40(9), 922-935.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01992.x] [PMID: 1512391]
[35]
Zahodne, L.B.; Morris, E.P.; Sharifian, N.; Zaheed, A.B.; Kraal, A.Z.; Sol, K. Everyday discrimination and subsequent cognitive abilities across five domains. Neuropsychology, 2020, 34(7), 783-790.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/neu0000693] [PMID: 32744838]
[36]
Meister, L.M.; Zahodne, L.B. Associations between social network components and cognitive domains in older adults. Psychol. Aging, 2022, 37(5), 591-603.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pag0000672] [PMID: 34968104]
[37]
Zaheed, A.B.; Chervin, R.D.; Spira, A.P.; Zahodne, L.B. Mental and physical health pathways linking insomnia symptoms to cognitive performance 14 years later. Sleep, 2023, 46(3), zsac262.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsac262] [PMID: 36309871]
[38]
Ping, Y.; Oddén, M.C.; Stawski, R.S.; Abdel Magid, H.S.; Wu, C. Creation and validation of a polysocial score for mortality among community-dwelling older adults in the USA: The health and retirement study. Age Ageing, 2021, 50(6), 2214-2221.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afab174] [PMID: 34473824]
[39]
Piercy, K.L.; Troiano, R.P.; Ballard, R.M.; Carlson, S.A.; Fulton, J.E.; Galuska, D.A.; George, S.M.; Olson, R.D. The physical activity guidelines for Americans. JAMA, 2018, 320(19), 2020-2028.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.14854] [PMID: 30418471]
[40]
Chen, C.; Ye, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Pan, X.F.; Pan, A. Weight change across adulthood in relation to all cause and cause specific mortality: prospective cohort study. BMJ, 2019, 367, l5584.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l5584] [PMID: 31619383]
[41]
Shen, J.; Chen, H.; Zhou, T.; Zhang, S.; Huang, L.; Lv, X.; Ma, Y.; Zheng, Y.; Yuan, C. Long-term weight change and its temporal relation to later-life dementia in the health and retirement study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2022, 107(7), e2710-e2716.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgac229] [PMID: 35420682]
[42]
Hamra, G.B.; Lesko, C.R.; Buckley, J.P.; Jensen, E.T.; Tancredi, D.; Lau, B.; Hertz-Picciotto, I. Combining effect estimates across cohorts and sufficient adjustment sets for collaborative research. Epidemiology, 2021, 32(3), 421-424.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000001336] [PMID: 33591054]
[43]
Barros, A.J.D.; Hirakata, V.N. Alternatives for logistic regression in cross-sectional studies: An empirical comparison of models that directly estimate the prevalence ratio. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 2003, 3(1), 21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-3-21] [PMID: 14567763]
[44]
Marsh, H.W.; Morin, A.J.S.; Parker, P.D.; Kaur, G. Exploratory structural equation modeling: An integration of the best features of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol., 2014, 10(1), 85-110.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153700] [PMID: 24313568]
[45]
Crimmins, E.M.; Kim, J.K.; Langa, K.M.; Weir, D.R. Assessment of cognition using surveys and neuropsychological assessment: the Health and Retirement Study and the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study. J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci., 2011, 66B(S1), i162-i171.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbr048] [PMID: 21743047]
[46]
White, I.R.; Royston, P.; Wood, A.M. Multiple imputation using chained equations: Issues and guidance for practice. Stat. Med., 2011, 30(4), 377-399.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.4067] [PMID: 21225900]
[47]
Albers, M.W.; Gilmore, G.C.; Kaye, J.; Murphy, C.; Wingfield, A.; Bennett, D.A.; Boxer, A.L.; Buchman, A.S.; Cruickshanks, K.J.; Devanand, D.P.; Duffy, C.J.; Gall, C.M.; Gates, G.A.; Granholm, A.C.; Hensch, T.; Holtzer, R.; Hyman, B.T.; Lin, F.R.; McKee, A.C.; Morris, J.C.; Petersen, R.C.; Silbert, L.C.; Struble, R.G.; Trojanowski, J.Q.; Verghese, J.; Wilson, D.A.; Xu, S.; Zhang, L.I. At the interface of sensory and motor dysfunctions and Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement., 2015, 11(1), 70-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2014.04.514] [PMID: 25022540]
[48]
Doty, R.L. Olfactory dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases: Is there a common pathological substrate? Lancet Neurol., 2017, 16(6), 478-488.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30123-0] [PMID: 28504111]
[49]
Hummel, T.; Landis, B.N.; Hüttenbrink, K.B. Smell and taste disorders. GMS Curr. Top. Otorhinolaryngol. Head Neck Surg., 2011, 10, Doc04.
[PMID: 22558054]
[50]
Arriagada, P.V.; Growdon, J.H.; Hedley-Whyte, E.T.; Hyman, B.T. Neurofibrillary tangles but not senile plaques parallel duration and severity of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 1992, 42(3), 631-639.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.42.3.631] [PMID: 1549228]
[51]
Bothwell, A.R.; Resnick, S.M.; Ferrucci, L.; Tian, Q. Associations of olfactory function with brain structural and functional outcomes. A systematic review. Ageing Res. Rev., 2023, 92, 102095.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2023.102095] [PMID: 37913831]
[52]
Tripathi, P.N.; Srivastava, P.; Sharma, P.; Tripathi, M.K.; Seth, A.; Tripathi, A.; Rai, S.N.; Singh, S.P.; Shrivastava, S.K. Biphenyl-3-oxo-1,2,4-triazine linked piperazine derivatives as potential cholinesterase inhibitors with anti-oxidant property to improve the learning and memory. Bioorg. Chem., 2019, 85, 82-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.12.017] [PMID: 30605887]
[53]
Srivastava, P.; Tripathi, P.N.; Sharma, P.; Rai, S.N.; Singh, S.P.; Srivastava, R.K.; Shankar, S.; Shrivastava, S.K. Design and development of some phenyl benzoxazole derivatives as a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor with antioxidant property to enhance learning and memory. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2019, 163, 116-135.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.049] [PMID: 30503937]
[54]
Bohnen, N.I.; Müller, M.L.T.M.; Kotagal, V.; Koeppe, R.A.; Kilbourn, M.A.; Albin, R.L.; Frey, K.A. Olfactory dysfunction, central cholinergic integrity and cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease. Brain, 2010, 133(6), 1747-1754.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awq079] [PMID: 20413575]
[55]
Zhou, X.; Kumar, P.; Bhuyan, D.J.; Jensen, S.O.; Roberts, T.L.; Münch, G.W. Neuroinflammation in alzheimer’s disease: A potential role of nose-picking in pathogen entry via the olfactory system? Biomolecules, 2023, 13(11), 1568.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom13111568] [PMID: 38002250]
[56]
Royall, D.R.; Chiodo, L.K.; Polk, M.J.; Jaramillo, C.J. Severe dysosmia is specifically associated with Alzheimer-like memory deficits in nondemented elderly retirees. Neuroepidemiology, 2002, 21(2), 68-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000048619] [PMID: 11901275]
[57]
Bramerson, A.; Nyman, J.; Nordin, S.; Bende, M. Olfactory loss after head and neck cancer radiation therapy. Rhinology, 2013, 51(3), 206-209.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/Rhino12.120] [PMID: 23943726]
[58]
Stuck, B.A.; Hummel, T. Olfaction in allergic rhinitis: A systematic review. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2015, 136(6), 1460-1470.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.003] [PMID: 26409662]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
41
2
Wayfinder Image
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy