Acroparesthesias: An Overview

Maroua      Slouma; Siwar      Ben Dhia; Elhem      Cheour; Imen      Gharsallah
doi:10.2174/0115733971254976230927113202
Abstract

Acroparesthesia is a symptom characterized by a subjective sensation, such as numbness, tingling, prickling, and reduced sensation, affecting the extremities (fingers and toes). Despite its frequency, data regarding its diagnostic approach and management are scarce. The etiological diagnosis of acroparesthesia is sometimes challenging since it can be due to abnormality anywhere along the sensory pathway from the peripheral nervous system to the cerebral cortex. Acroparesthesia can reveal several diseases. It can be associated with rheumatic complaints such as arthritis or myalgia.
Further cautions are required when paresthesia is acute (within days) in onset, rapidly progressive, severe, asymmetric, proximal, multifocal, or associated with predominant motor signs (limb weakness) or severe dysautonomia. Acroparesthesia may reveal Guillain-Barré syndrome or vasculitis, requiring rapid management.
Acroparesthesia is a predominant symptom of polyneuropathy, typically distal and symmetric, often due to diabetes. However, it can occur in other diseases such as vitamin B12 deficiency, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, or Fabry’s disease. Mononeuropathy, mainly carpal tunnel syndrome, remains the most common cause of acroparesthesia.
Ultrasonography contributes to the diagnosis of nerve entrapment neuropathy by showing nerve enlargement, hypoechogenic nerve, and intraneural vascularity. Besides, it can reveal its cause, such as space-occupying lesions, anatomical nerve variations, or anomalous muscle. Ultrasonography is also helpful for entrapment neuropathy treatment, such as ultrasound-guided steroid injection or carpal tunnel release.
The management of acroparesthesia depends on its causes.
This article aimed to review and summarize current knowledge on acroparesthesia and its causes.
We also propose an algorithm for the management of acroparesthesia.
Keywords: Acroparesthesia, carpal tunnel syndrome, ultrasonography, Guillain Barré, polyneuropathy, diabetes.
« Previous Next »
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Beran R. Paraesthesia and peripheral neuropathy. Aust Fam Physician  2015; 44(3): 92-5.
 [PMID: 25770571]

[2]
Brain W. Acroparesthesiae Diseases of the Nervous System.  (3rd). London: Oxford University Press 1947; p. 920-1.

[3]
Boskovski MT, Thomson JG. Acroparesthesia and carpal tunnel syndrome: A historical perspective. J Hand Surg Am  2014; 39(9): 1813-1821.e1.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2014.05.024] [PMID: 25063390]

[4]
Brain R. Differential diagnosis of acroparesthesias. GP  1957; 15(4): 94-100.
 [PMID: 13414970]

[5]
Bouhassira D, Attal N, Alchaar H, et al. Comparison of pain syndromes associated with nervous or somatic lesions and development of a new neuropathic pain diagnostic questionnaire (DN4). Pain  2005; 114(1): 29-36.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2004.12.010] [PMID: 15733628]

[6]
Vavra M, Rubin D. The peripheral neuropathy evaluation in an office-based neurology setting. Semin Neurol  2011; 31(1): 102-14.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1271305] [PMID: 21321837]

[7]
Watson JC, Dyck PJB. Peripheral neuropathy: A practical approach to diagnosis and symptom management. Mayo Clin Proc  2015; 90(7): 940-51.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.05.004] [PMID: 26141332]

[8]
Thoomes EJ, van Geest S, van der Windt DA, et al. Value of physical tests in diagnosing cervical radiculopathy: A systematic review. Spine J  2018; 18(1): 179-89.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2017.08.241] [PMID: 28838857]

[9]
Tawa N, Rhoda A, Diener I. Accuracy of clinical neurological examination in diagnosing lumbo-sacral radiculopathy: A systematic literature review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord  2017; 18(1): 93.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12891-016-1383-2] [PMID: 28231784]

[10]
Manoharan D, Sudhakaran D, Goyal A, Srivastava DN, Ansari MT. Clinico-radiological review of peripheral entrapment neuropathies : Part 1 upper limb. Eur J Radiol  2020; 131: 109234.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.109234] [PMID: 32949858]

[11]
Atasoy E. A hand surgeon’s further experience with thoracic outlet compression syndrome. J Hand Surg Am  2010; 35(9): 1528-38.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.06.025] [PMID: 20807632]

[12]
Kuhn JE, Lebus GF, Bible JE. Thoracic outlet syndrome. J Am Acad Orthop Surg  2015; 23(4): 222-32.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.5435/JAAOS-D-13-00215] [PMID: 25808686]

[13]
Laulan J, Fouquet B, Rodaix C, Jauffret P, Roquelaure Y, Descatha A. Thoracic outlet syndrome: Definition, aetiological factors, diagnosis, management and occupational impact. J Occup Rehabil  2011; 21(3): 366-73.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10926-010-9278-9] [PMID: 21193950]

[14]
Koh E. Imaging of non-specific complaints of the arm, neck, and/or shoulder (CANS): Role of the scalene muscles and piercing variants in neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome. Clin Radiol  2021; 76(12): 940.e17-940.e27.

[15]
Vallieres E, Kraut MJ, Thomas CR Jr. Pancoast (superior sulcus) neoplasms. Curr Probl Cancer  2003; 27(2): 81-104.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0147-0272(03)00018-7] [PMID: 12717414]

[16]
Batzdorf U, Brechner VL. Management of pain associated with the Pancoast syndrome. Am J Surg  1979; 137(5): 638-46.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9610(79)90038-2] [PMID: 287389]

[17]
Gundepalli SG, Tadi P. Lung Pancoast Tumor. StatPearls Publishing 2021. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556109/ (cited 2021 Nov 3).

[18]
Hughes RAC, Cornblath DR. Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet  2005; 366(9497): 1653-66.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67665-9] [PMID: 16271648]

[19]
Dimachkie MM, Barohn RJ. Guillain-Barré syndrome and variants. Neurol Clin  2013; 31(2): 491-510.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2013.01.005] [PMID: 23642721]

[20]
Barohn R, Saperstein D. Guillain-Barré syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Semin Neurol  1998; 18(1): 49-61.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1040861] [PMID: 9562667]

[21]
Willison HJ, Jacobs BC, van Doorn PA. Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet  2016; 388(10045): 717-27.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00339-1] [PMID: 26948435]

[22]
Demuth S, Felten R, Sordet C, Chatelus E, Chanson JB, Arnaud L. Rheumatic presentations of Guillain–Barré syndrome as a diagnostic challenge: A case series. Joint Bone Spine  2021; 88(3): 105144.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2021.105144] [PMID: 33515790]

[23]
Nived O, Sturfelt G, Liang MH, De Pablo P. The ACR nomenclature for CNS lupus revisited. Lupus  2003; 12(12): 872-6.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0961203303lu495oa] [PMID: 14714904]

[24]
Fokke C, van den Berg B, Drenthen J, Walgaard C, van Doorn PA, Jacobs BC. Diagnosis of Guillain-Barre syndrome and validation of Brighton criteria. Brain  2014; 137(1): 33-43.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awt285] [PMID: 24163275]

[25]
Davies M, Brophy S, Williams R, Taylor A. The prevalence, severity, and impact of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care  2006; 29(7): 1518-22.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc05-2228] [PMID: 16801572]

[26]
American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes--2014. Diabetes Care  2014; 37 (1): S14-80.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc14-S014] [PMID: 24357209]

[27]
Boulton AJM, Armstrong DG, Albert SF, et al. Comprehensive foot examination and risk assessment: A report of the task force of the foot care interest group of the American Diabetes Association, with endorsement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Diabetes Care  2008; 31(8): 1679-85.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc08-9021] [PMID: 18663232]

[28]
Perkins BA, Olaleye D, Zinman B, Bril V. Simple screening tests for peripheral neuropathy in the diabetes clinic. Diabetes Care  2001; 24(2): 250-6.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.24.2.250] [PMID: 11213874]

[29]
Sène D. Small fiber neuropathy: Diagnosis, causes, and treatment. Joint Bone Spine  2018; 85(5): 553-9.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2017.11.002] [PMID: 29154979]

[30]
El-Abassi R, Singhal D, England JD. Fabry’s disease. J Neurol Sci  2014; 344(1-2): 5-19.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2014.06.029] [PMID: 25106696]

[31]
Politei JM, Bouhassira D, Germain DP, et al. Pain in fabry disease: Practical recommendations for diagnosis and treatment. CNS Neurosci Ther  2016; 22(7): 568-76.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cns.12542] [PMID: 27297686]

[32]
Üçeyler N, Ganendiran S, Kramer D, Sommer C. Characterization of pain in fabry disease. Clin J Pain  2014; 30(10): 915-20.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0000000000000041] [PMID: 24121530]

[33]
Lidove O, Zeller V, Chicheportiche V, et al. Musculoskeletal manifestations of Fabry disease: A retrospective study. Joint Bone Spine  2016; 83(4): 421-6.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2015.11.001] [PMID: 26697993]

[34]
Arends M, Wanner C, Hughes D, et al. Characterization of classical and nonclassical fabry disease: A multicenter study. J Am Soc Nephrol  2017; 28(5): 1631-41.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2016090964] [PMID: 27979989]

[35]
Pareyson D, Marchesi C. Diagnosis, natural history, and management of Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease. Lancet Neurol  2009; 8(7): 654-67.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70110-3] [PMID: 19539237]

[36]
Karol LA, Elerson E. Scoliosis in patients with charcot-marie-tooth disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am  2007; 89(7): 1504-10.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/00004623-200707000-00014] [PMID: 17606789]

[37]
Holmes JR, Hansen ST Jr. Foot and ankle manifestations of charcot-marie-tooth disease. Foot Ankle  1993; 14(8): 476-86.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110079301400809] [PMID: 8253442]

[38]
Poncelet AN, Connolly MK. Peripheral neuropathy in scleroderma. Muscle Nerve  2003; 28(3): 330-5.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.10439] [PMID: 12929193]

[39]
Sakini RA, Abdul-Zehra IK, Al-Nimer MSM. Neuropathic manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis: A clinical and electrophysiological assessment in a small sample of Iraqi patients. Ann Saudi Med  2005; 25(3): 247-9.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2005.247] [PMID: 16119528]

[40]
Gwathmey KG, Satkowiak K. Peripheral nervous system manifestations of rheumatological diseases. J Neurol Sci  2021; 424: 117421.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2021.117421] [PMID: 33824004]

[41]
Chai J, Logigian EL. Neurological manifestations of primary Sjogren’s syndrome. Curr Opin Neurol  2010; 23(5): 509-13.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0b013e32833de6ab] [PMID: 20689426]

[42]
Ivanova K, Žukovs D, Možeitoviča E, Rots D, Kurjāne N, Ķēniņa V. Prevalence of polyneuropathies among systemic sclerosis patients and impact on health-related quality of life. Neurol Neurochir Pol  2023; 57(2): 206-11.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/PJNNS.a2023.0018] [PMID: 36916493]

[43]
Lacomis D, Živković SA. Approach to vasculitic neuropathies. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis  2007; 9(1): 265-76.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CND.0b013e31815202b3] [PMID: 17989592]

[44]
Suresh E. Diagnostic approach to patients with suspected vasculitis. Postgrad Med J  2006; 82(970): 483-8.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.2005.042648] [PMID: 16891436]

[45]
Upton AM, Mccomas A. The double crush in nerve entrapment syndromes. Lancet  1973; 302(7825): 359-62.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(73)93196-6] [PMID: 4124532]

[46]
Hagiwara Y, Nakamura T, Sonoki K, et al. “Idiopathic” shoulder pain and dysfunction from carpal tunnel syndrome and cubital tunnel syndrome. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open  2022; 10(2): e4114.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/GOX.0000000000004114] [PMID: 35198346]

[47]
Decosterd I, Woolf CJ. Spared nerve injury: An animal model of persistent peripheral neuropathic pain. Pain  2000; 87(2): 149-58.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00276-1] [PMID: 10924808]

[48]
Choi SJ, Ahn JH, Ryu DS, et al. Ultrasonography for nerve compression syndromes of the upper extremity. Ultrasonography  2015; 34(4): 275-91.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.14366/usg.14060] [PMID: 25682987]

[49]
Papanicolaou GD, McCabe SJ, Firrell J. The prevalence and characteristics of nerve compression symptoms in the general population. J Hand Surg Am  2001; 26(3): 460-6.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jhsu.2001.24972] [PMID: 11418908]

[50]
Ibrahim I, Khan WS, Goddard N, Smitham P. Carpal tunnel syndrome: A review of the recent literature. Open Orthop J  2012; 6(1): 69-76.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874325001206010069] [PMID: 22470412]

[51]
Genova A, Dix O, Saefan A, Thakur M, Hassan A. Carpal tunnel syndrome: A review of literature. Cureus  2020; 12(3): e7333.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7333] [PMID: 32313774]

[52]
Stevens JC, Smith BE, Weaver AL, Bosch EP, Deen HG Jr, Wilkens JA. Symptoms of 100 patients with electromyographically verified carpal tunnel syndrome. Muscle Nerve  1999; 22(10): 1448-56.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199910)22:10<1448::AID-MUS17>3.0.CO;2-Y] [PMID: 10487914]

[53]
Padua L, Coraci D, Erra C, et al. Carpal tunnel syndrome: Clinical features, diagnosis, and management. Lancet Neurol  2016; 15(12): 1273-84.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30231-9] [PMID: 27751557]

[54]
Jones MR, Prabhakar A, Viswanath O, et al. Thoracic outlet syndrome: A comprehensive review of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Pain Ther  2019; 8(1): 5-18.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40122-019-0124-2] [PMID: 31037504]

[55]
Abbot NC, Beck JS, Samson PD, Butlin CR, Bennett PJ, Grange JM. Cold fingers in leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis  1992; 60(4): 580-6.
 [PMID: 1299714]

[56]
Wilder-Smith EPV, Fook-Chong S, Chew SE, Chow A, Guo Y. Vasomotor dysfunction in carpal tunnel syndrome. Muscle Nerve  2003; 28(5): 582-6.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.10475] [PMID: 14571460]

[57]
del Piñal F. Outcomes of carpal tunnel release in complex regional pain syndrome/reflex sympathetic dystrophy/sudeck disease patients. Plast Reconstr Surg  2022; 150(1): 93-101.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000009243] [PMID: 35536771]

[58]
Brüske J, Bednarski M, Grzelec H, Zyluk A. The usefulness of the phalen test and the hoffmann-tinel sign in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Acta Orthop Belg  2002; 68(2): 141-5.
 [PMID: 12050999]

[59]
Wainner RS, Boninger ML, Balu G, Burdett R, Helkowski W. Durkan gauge and carpal compression test: accuracy and diagnostic test properties. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther  2000; 30(11): 676-82.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2000.30.11.676] [PMID: 11104378]

[60]
Doughty CT, Bowley MP. Entrapment neuropathies of the upper extremity. Med Clin North Am  2019; 103(2): 357-70.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2018.10.012] [PMID: 30704687]

[61]
Ng AWH, Griffith JF, Lee RKL, Tse WL, Wong CWY, Ho PC. Ultrasound carpal tunnel syndrome: Additional criteria for diagnosis. Clin Radiol  2018; 73(2): 214.e11-8.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2017.07.025] [PMID: 28859853]

[62]
Salman RR, Holisaz MT, Sahami NAA, et al. Sensitivity of high-resolution ultrasonography in clinically diagnosed carpal tunnel syndrome patients with hand pain and normal nerve conduction studies. J Pain Res  2018; 11: 1319-25.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S164004] [PMID: 30022850]

[63]
Fowler JR, Gaughan JP, Ilyas AM. The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: a meta- analysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res  2011; 469(4): 1089-94.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11999-010-1637-5] [PMID: 20963527]

[64]
Cartwright MS, Hobson-Webb LD, Boon AJ, et al. Evidence-based guideline: Neuromuscular ultrasound for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Muscle Nerve  2012; 46(2): 287-93.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.23389] [PMID: 22806381]

[65]
Torres-Costoso A, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Álvarez-Bueno C, Ferri- Morales A, Cavero-Redondo I. Accuracy of ultrasonography for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil  2018; 99(4): 758-765.e10.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2017.08.489] [PMID: 28947163]

[66]
Hunderfund ANL, Boon AJ, Mandrekar JN, Sorenson EJ. Sonography in carpal tunnel syndrome. Muscle Nerve  2011; 44(4): 485-91.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.22075] [PMID: 21922467]

[67]
Meyer P, Lintingre PF, Pesquer L, Poussange N, Silvestre A, Dallaudière B. The median nerve at the carpal tunnel and elsewhere. J Belg Soc Radiol  2018; 102(1): 17.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/jbsr.1354] [PMID: 30039031]

[68]
Chen YT, Williams L, Zak MJ, Fredericson M. Review of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome and a proposed scanning protocol. J Ultrasound Med  2016; 35(11): 2311-24.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.7863/ultra.15.12014] [PMID: 27629754]

[69]
Hobson-Webb LD, Massey JM, Juel VC, Sanders DB. The ultrasonographic wrist-to-forearm median nerve area ratio in carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol  2008; 119(6): 1353-7.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2008.01.101] [PMID: 18387336]

[70]
Roomizadeh P, Eftekharsadat B, Abedini A, et al. Ultrasonographic assessment of carpal tunnel syndrome severity. Am J Phys Med Rehabil  2019; 98(5): 373-81.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000001104] [PMID: 30702462]

[71]
Goldberg G, Zeckser JM, Mummaneni R, Tucker JD. Electrosonodiagnosis in carpal tunnel syndrome: A proposed diagnostic algorithm based on an analytic literature review. PM R  2016; 8(5): 463-74.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.11.016] [PMID: 26804668]

[72]
Therimadasamy A, Peng YP, Putti TC, Wilder-Smith EPV. Carpal tunnel syndrome caused by gouty tophus of the flexor tendons of the fingers: Sonographic features. J Clin Ultrasound  2011; 39(8): 463-5.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcu.20799] [PMID: 21412783]

[73]
Slouma M, Zarrouk Z, Maatoug F, et al. Carpal tunnel syndrome revealing a fibrolipoma of the median nerve. Clin Rheumatol  2021; 40(12): 5115-7.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10067-021-05851-z] [PMID: 34247290]

[74]
Slouma M, Zarrouk Z, Maatoug F, et al. Fibrolipoma of the median nerve: An overview. Curr Rheumatol Rev  2022; 18(4): 298-304.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573397118666220404080616] [PMID: 35379153]

[75]
Kostoris F, Bassini S, Longo E, Murena L. Carpal tunnel syndrome associated with bifid median nerve and palmaris profundus : Case report and literature review. J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol  2019; 24(2): 238-42.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S2424835519720123] [PMID: 31035882]

[76]
Kaya Subaşı P, Güler T, Yurdakul FG, Ataman Ş, Bodur H. Carpal tunnel syndrome in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis: An electrophysiological and ultrasonographic study. Rheumatol Int  2021; 41(2): 361-8.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00296-020-04745-8] [PMID: 33185703]

[77]
Sakthiswary R, Singh R. Has the median nerve involvement in rheumatoid arthritis been overemphasized? Rev Bras Reumatol Engl Ed  2017; 57(2): 122-8.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbre.2016.09.001] [PMID: 28343616]

[78]
Tezcan EA, Levendoglu F, Durmaz MS, et al. Carpal tunnel syndrome in patients with psoriatic arthritis: Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging findings. J Rheum Dis  2023; 30(1): 36-44.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.4078/jrd.22.0028] [PMID: 37476525]

[79]
Geannette C, Lee S, Nwawka O. Sonographic appearance of flexor carpi radialis tenosynovitis associated with a neuritis of the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve. Muscle Nerve  2019; 60(2): E10-1.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.26508] [PMID: 31049976]

[80]
Chang KV, Mezian K, Naňka O, et al. Ultrasound imaging for the cutaneous nerves of the extremities and relevant entrapment syndromes: From anatomy to clinical implications. J Clin Med  2018; 7(11): 457.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm7110457] [PMID: 30469370]

[81]
Strohl AB, Zelouf DS. Ulnar tunnel syndrome, radial tunnel syndrome, anterior interosseous nerve syndrome, and pronator syndrome. J Am Acad Orthop Surg  2017; 25(1): e1-e10.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.5435/JAAOS-D-16-00010] [PMID: 27902538]

[82]
Richardson C, Md GF. Froment’s sign. J Audiov Media Med  2003; 26(1): 34.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0140511031000091284] [PMID: 12916637]

[83]
Kerasnoudis A. Nerve ultrasound in a case of chronic inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy. Muscle Nerve  2013; 47(3): 443-6.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.23624] [PMID: 23281131]

[84]
Chen IJ, Chang KV, Wu WT, Özçakar L. Ultrasound parameters other than the direct measurement of ulnar nerve size for diagnosing cubital tunnel syndrome: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil  2019; 100(6): 1114-30.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2018.06.021] [PMID: 30055161]

[85]
Yang YC, Wu WT, Chang KV, Özçakar L. Ultrasonographic imaging of entrapment of the palmar cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve due to accessory abductor digiti minimi muscle. Am J Phys Med Rehabil  2020; 99(12): e136-7.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000001403] [PMID: 32349044]

[86]
Júnior HM. Uncommon compressive neuropathies of upper limbs. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol  2020; 34(3): 101516.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2020.101516] [PMID: 32327280]

[87]
Lee Dellon A, Mackinnon SE. Radial sensory nerve entrapment in the forearm. J Hand Surg Am  1986; 11(2): 199-205.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0363-5023(86)80051-X] [PMID: 3958447]

[88]
Muthulingam M, Mahapatra S. Unusual presentation of radial nerve entrapment with lateral humeral condyle fracture : A case report. J Clin Diagn Res  2016; 10(10): RD04-6.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2016/21923.8717] [PMID: 27891411]

[89]
Slouma M, Rahmouni S, Dhahri R, et al. Bicipitoradial bursitis: A diagnosis challenge! Clin Case Rep  2020; 8(11): 2265-8.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccr3.3125] [PMID: 33235773]

[90]
Stahl S, Kaufman T, Ben-David B. Neuroma of the superficial branch of the radial nerve after intravenous cannulation. Anesth Analg  1996; 83(1): 180-2.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199607000-00032] [PMID: 8659733]

[91]
Anthony JH, Hadeed A, Hoffler CE. heiralgia Paresthetica. StatPearls Publishing 2021. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545200/ (cited 2022 Jan 11).

[92]
Marciniak C. Fibular (peroneal) neuropathy: Electrodiagnostic features and clinical correlates. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am  2013; 24(1): 121-37.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2012.08.016] [PMID: 23177035]

[93]
Kara A, Yalçın S, Çelik H, Kuyucu E, Şeker A. Compression neuropathy of the common peroneal nerve caused by an intraosseous ganglion cyst of fibula. Int J Surg Case Rep  2017; 40: 10-2.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijscr.2017.08.050] [PMID: 28915428]

[94]
Göçmen S, Topuz AK, Atabey C, Şimşek H, Keklikçi K, Rodop O. Peripheral nerve injuries due to osteochondromas: Analysis of 20 cases and review of the literature. J Neurosurg  2014; 120(5): 1105-12.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2013.11.JNS13310] [PMID: 24405073]

[95]
Anderson JC. Common fibular nerve compression. Clin Podiatr Med Surg  2016; 33(2): 283-91.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpm.2015.12.005] [PMID: 27013418]

[96]
Bowley MP, Doughty CT. Entrapment neuropathies of the lower extremity. Med Clin North Am  2019; 103(2): 371-82.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2018.10.013] [PMID: 30704688]

[97]
de Souza Reis Soares O, Duarte ML, Brasseur JL. Tarsal tunnel syndrome: An ultrasound pictorial review. J Ultrasound Med  2021; 41(5): 1247-72.
 [PMID: 34342896]

[98]
Ünan KM, Ardıçoğlu Ö, Pıhtılı Taş N, Baykara AR, Kamanlı A. Assessment of the frequency of tarsal tunnel syndrome in rheumatoid arthritis. Turk J Phys Med Rehabil  2021; 67(4): 421-7.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.5606/tftrd.2021.6797] [PMID: 35141482]

[99]
Klit H, Finnerup NB, Jensen TS. Central post-stroke pain: Clinical characteristics, pathophysiology, and management. Lancet Neurol  2009; 8(9): 857-68.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70176-0] [PMID: 19679277]

[100]
Bogousslavsky J, Regli F, Uske A. Thalamic infarcts: Clinical syndromes, etiology, and prognosis. Neurology  1988; 38(6): 837-48.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/WNL.38.6.837] [PMID: 3368064]

[101]
Song KS, Cho JH, Hong JY, et al. Neuropathic pain related with spinal disorders: A systematic review. Asian Spine J  2017; 11(4): 661-74.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.4184/asj.2017.11.4.661] [PMID: 28874986]

[102]
Baron R, Binder A, Attal N, Casale R, Dickenson AH, Treede R-D. Neuropathic low back pain in clinical practice. Eur J Pain  2016; 20(6): 861-73.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejp.838] [PMID: 26935254]

[103]
Torriani M, Gupta R, Donahue DM. Botulinum toxin injection in neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome: Results and experience using a ultrasound-guided approach. Skeletal Radiol  2010; 39(10): 973-80.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00256-010-0897-1] [PMID: 20186413]

[104]
Callaghan BC, Price RS, Feldman EL. Distal symmetric polyneuropathy in 2020. JAMA  2020; 324(1): 90-1.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.0700] [PMID: 32633792]

[105]
Callaghan BC, Reynolds E, Banerjee M, Kerber KA, Skolarus LE, Burke JF. Longitudinal pattern of pain medication utilization in peripheral neuropathy patients. Pain  2019; 160(3): 592-9.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001439] [PMID: 30418352]

[106]
El Dib R, Gomaa H, Carvalho RP, et al. Enzyme replacement therapy for Anderson-Fabry disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev  2016; 7(7): CD006663.
 [PMID: 27454104]

[107]
Pisciotta C, Saveri P, Pareyson D. Challenges in treating charcot-marie-tooth disease and related neuropathies: Current management and future perspectives. Brain Sci  2021; 11(11): 1447.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111447] [PMID: 34827446]

[108]
Graf J, Imboden J. Vasculitis and peripheral neuropathy. Curr Opin Rheumatol  2019; 31(1): 40-5.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/BOR.0000000000000559] [PMID: 30461543]

[109]
Collins MP, Dyck PJB, Gronseth GS, et al. Peripheral nerve society guideline* on the classification, diagnosis, investigation, and immunosuppressive therapy of non-systemic vasculitic neuropathy: Executive summary. J Peripher Nerv Syst  2010; 15(3): 176-84.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8027.2010.00281.x] [PMID: 21040139]

[110]
Chang M-H, Ger LP, Hsieh PF, Huang SY. A randomised clinical trial of oral steroids in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome: A long term follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry  2002; 73(6): 710-4.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.73.6.710] [PMID: 12438475]

[111]
Sevim S, Dogu O, Camdeviren H, et al. Long-term effectiveness of steroid injections and splinting in mild and moderate carpal tunnel syndrome. Neurol Sci  2004; 25(2): 48-52.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-004-0229-0] [PMID: 15221621]

[112]
Eslamian F, Eftekharsadat B, Babaei-Ghazani A, Jahanjoo F, Zeinali M. A Randomized prospective comparison of ultrasound-guided and landmark-guided steroid injections for carpal tunnel syndrome. J Clin Neurophysiol  2017; 34(2): 107-13.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WNP.0000000000000342] [PMID: 27749616]

[113]
Jiménez del Barrio S, Gracia BE, García HC, et al. Conservative treatment in patients with mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome: A systematic review. Neurología  2018; 33(9): 590-601.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nrleng.2016.05.015] [PMID: 27461181]

[114]
Petrover D, Richette P. Treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome : From ultrasonography to ultrasound guided carpal tunnel release. Joint Bone Spine  2018; 85(5): 545-52.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2017.11.003] [PMID: 29154980]

[115]
Nagano A. Spontaneous anterior interosseous nerve palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Br  2003; 85-B(3): 313-8.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.85B3.14147] [PMID: 12729100]

[116]
Karadaş Ö, Omaç KÖ, Tok F, Özgül A, Odabaşı Z. Effects of steroid with repetitive procaine HCl injection in the management of carpal tunnel syndrome: An ultrasonographic study. J Neurol Sci  2012; 316(1-2): 76-8.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2012.01.023] [PMID: 22336701]
Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
25
2
Journal Information
For Authors
For Editors
For Reviewers
Explore Articles
Open Access
Open Access Articles
For Visitors
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0115733971254976230927113202	Print ISSN 1573-3971
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher	Online ISSN 1875-6360
Current Rheumatology Reviews

Acroparesthesias: An Overview

Abstract

Graphical Abstract

Related Books

Related Articles
