Title:Preparation and Evaluation of the In situ Gel-forming Chitosan Hydrogels
for Nasal Delivery of Morphine in a Single Unit dose in Rats to Enhance
the Analgesic Responses
Volume: 21
Issue: 7
Author(s): Hossein Kamali, Mohsen Tafaghodi, Farhad Eisvand, S. Mohammad Ahmadi-Soleimani, Mina Khajouee, Hosnieh Ghazizadeh and Jafar Mosafer*
Affiliation:
- Research Center of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
- Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran.
Keywords:
Chitosan, morphine, hydrogel, thermosensitive, nasal delivery, analgesic effects.
Abstract:
Introduction: In this study, an in situ gel-forming chitosan hydrogel was prepared with the
use of glutamate salt of chitosan (Ch-Ga), β-glycerophosphate (Gp), and morphine (Mor). The paper is
focused on in vitro physicochemical properties and in-vivo analgesic effects of the prepared chitosan
hydrogel.
Method: The thermosensitive properties of prepared chitosan hydrogel were evaluated during the different
temperatures and times. The physicochemical properties of chitosan hydrogel were investigated by infrared
(IR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Also, its cell cytotoxicity effects were evaluated
in murine NIH/3T3 normal cells. Subsequently, the distribution of chitosan hydrogel in the nasal cavity of
rats and its analgesic responses were evaluated. The prepared chitosan hydrogel showed that it could be
gelled at the temperature of 34 °C before leaving the nose in the shortest possible time of 30 s.
Result: The analgesic responses of the intranasal (IN) injection of chitosan hydrogel (IN-chitosan hydrogel,
10 mg Mor/kg) in a single unit dose in rat relative to the placebo and intranasal or intraperitoneal
(IP) injection of free morphine solution (IN-Free Mor or IP-Free Mor, 10 mg Mor/kg) via the hot plate
test, reveal that the IN-chitosan hydrogel could induce fast analgesic effects of morphine with maximum
possible effect (MPE) of 93% after 5 min compare to the IN-Free Mor and IP-Free Mor with MPE of
80% after 15 min and 66% after 30 min, respectively. Also, prolonged analgesic effects with MPE of
78 % after 6 h of injection were only seen in the IN-chitosan hydrogel injected group. The obtained
fluorescent images of rat’s brain injected with IN-chitosan hydrogel containing doxorubicine (Dox) as a
fluorescent agent showed that the mucosal adhesive and absorption enhancer properties of IN-chitosan
hydrogel resulting in longer presence of them in the nasal cavity of rats followed by more absorption of
Dox from the blood vessels of olfactory bulbs with a 74% color intensity compared to the IN-Free Mor
and IN-Free Dox with 15%.
Conclusion: These data reveal that the IN-chitosan hydrogel could induce fast and prolonged analgesic
effects of morphine compare to the IN/IP-Free Mor, which could be considered as an in situ gel-forming
thermosensitive chitosan hydrogel for nasal delivery of wide ranges of therapeutic agents.
