Generic placeholder image

Current Protein & Peptide Science

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1389-2037
ISSN (Online): 1875-5550

Review Article

Evolution of Immunotherapy Against Pollen Allergy

Author(s): Mistrello Gianni*

Volume 24, Issue 6, 2023

Published on: 11 May, 2023

Page: [488 - 502] Pages: 15

DOI: 10.2174/1389203724666230303091754

Price: $65

Abstract

Allergic diseases have increased worldwide during the last century and are a major disease burden globally. Several substances can induce allergic sensitization and elicit allergic symptoms in sensitized individuals. Pollen grains are one of the main causes of allergic rhinitis and asthma, and the prevalence of different pollen species depends on the climate, geographical regions, flora, and seasons. In addition to avoiding exposure to pollens, anti-allergic drugs are commonly used to mitigate the symptoms of allergies. However, these drugs need to be administered repeatedly as long as the symptoms prevail, usually life-long. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is currently the only disease-modifying approach that can prevent the natural progression of the disease (also known as an allergic march), provide a long-lasting therapeutic effect, and prevent the worsening of the symptoms and the occurrence of new sensitizations in allergic individuals. Since the pioneering clinical studies conducted more than 100 years ago using subcutaneously administered pollen extract to treat hay fever, significant advances have been made in the field of AIT. Starting from this pioneering approach, in this review, we have discussed the evolution of the products used for AIT with particular emphasis on pollen allergoids, the chemically modified pollen extracts characterized by lower allergenicity and comparable immunogenicity, and the different routes of administration used for AIT.

Keywords: Allergy, pollen extracts, allergen immunotherapy, adjuvant, polymeric allergoids, carbamylated allergoids, immunogenicity.

Graphical Abstract
[1]
Platts-Mills, T.A.E. The allergy epidemics: 1870-2010. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2015, 136(1), 3-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.048] [PMID: 26145982]
[2]
Backman, H.; Räisänen, P.; Hedman, L.; Stridsman, C.; Andersson, M.; Lindberg, A.; Lundbäck, B.; Rönmark, E. Increased prevalence of allergic asthma from 1996 to 2006 and further to 2016-results from three population surveys. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 2017, 47(11), 1426-1435.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cea.12963] [PMID: 28608416]
[3]
Loftus, P.A.; Wise, S.K. Epidemiology of asthma. Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg., 2016, 24(3), 245-249.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MOO.0000000000000262] [PMID: 26977741]
[4]
Pawankar, R. Allergic diseases and asthma: A global public health concern and a call to action. World Allergy Organ. J., 2014, 7(1), 12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1939-4551-7-12] [PMID: 24940476]
[5]
D’Amato, M.; Cecchi, L.; Annesi-Maesano, I.; D’Amato, G. News on climate change, air pollution, and allergic triggers of asthma. J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol., 2018, 28(2), 91-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18176/jiaci.0228] [PMID: 29345235]
[6]
Pacheco, S.E.; Guidos-Fogelbach, G.; Annesi-Maesano, I.; Pawankar, R.; D’ Amato, G.; Latour-Staffeld, P.; Urrutia-Pereira, M.; Kesic, M.J.; Hernandez, M.L. Climate change and global issues in allergy and immunology. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2021, 148(6), 1366-1377.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2021.10.011] [PMID: 34688774]
[7]
D’Amato, G.; Bergmann, K.C.; Cecchi, L.; Annesi-Maesano, I.; Sanduzzi, A.; Liccardi, G.; Vitale, C.; Stanziola, A.; D’Amato, M. Climate change and air pollution. Allergo J. Int., 2014, 23(1), 17-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40629-014-0003-7] [PMID: 26120514]
[8]
Lake, I.R.; Jones, N.R.; Agnew, M.; Goodess, C.M.; Giorgi, F.; Hamaoui-Laguel, L.; Semenov, M.A.; Solomon, F.; Storkey, J.; Vautard, R.; Epstein, M.M. Climate change and future pollen allergy in Europe. Environ. Health Perspect., 2017, 125(3), 385-391.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP173] [PMID: 27557093]
[9]
Pawankar, R.; Wang, J.Y.; Wang, I.J.; Thien, F.; Chang, Y.S.; Latiff, A.H.A.; Fujisawa, T.; Zhang, L.; Thong, B.Y.H.; Chatchatee, P.; Leung, T.F.; Kamchaisatian, W.; Rengganis, I.; Yoon, H.J.; Munkhbayarlakh, S.; Recto, M.T.; Neo, A.G.E.; Le Pham, D.; Lan, L.T.T.; Davies, J.M.; Oh, J.W. Asia pacific association of allergy asthma and clinical immunology white paper 2020 on climate change, air pollution, and biodiversity in Asia-Pacific and impact on allergic diseases. Asia Pac. Allergy, 2020, 10(1)e11
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5415/apallergy.2020.10.e11] [PMID: 32099833]
[10]
Barnes, C.S. Impact of climate change on pollen and respiratory disease. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep., 2018, 18(11), 59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11882-018-0813-7]
[11]
Jacobsen, L.; Wahn, U.; Bilò, M.B. Allergen-specific immunotherapy provides immediate, long-term and preventive clinical effects in children and adults: The effects of immunotherapy can be categorised by level of benefit -the centenary of allergen specific subcutaneous immunotherapy. Clin. Transl. Allergy, 2012, 2, 8.
[12]
Compalati, E.; Braido, F.; Canonica, G.W. An update on allergen immunotherapy and asthma. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med., 2014, 20(1), 109-117.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000000016] [PMID: 24296688]
[13]
Kucuksezer, U.C.; Ozdemir, C.; Cevhertas, L.; Ogulur, I.; Akdis, M.; Akdis, C.A. Mechanisms of allergen-specific immunotherapy and allergen tolerance. Allergol. Int., 2020, 69(4), 549-560.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2020.08.002] [PMID: 32900655]
[14]
Drazdauskaitė, G.; Layhadi, J.A.; Shamji, M.H. Mechanism of allergen immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis. J. Rhinol. Allergy., 2016, 30(5), 4-7.
[15]
Jutel, M.; Agache, I.; Bonini, S.; Burks, A.W.; Calderon, M.; Canonica, W.; Cox, L.; Demoly, P.; Frew, A.J.; O’Hehir, R.; Kleine-Tebbe, J.; Muraro, A.; Lack, G.; Larenas, D.; Levin, M.; Nelson, H.; Pawankar, R.; Pfaar, O.; van Ree, R.; Sampson, H.; Santos, A.F.; Du Toit, G.; Werfel, T.; Gerth van Wijk, R.; Zhang, L.; Akdis, C.A. International consensus on allergy immunotherapy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2015, 136(3), 556-568.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.047] [PMID: 26162571]
[16]
Di Bona, D.; Plaia, A.; Leto-Barone, M.S.; La Piana, S.; Macchia, L.; Di Lorenzo, G. Efficacy of allergen immunotherapy in reducing the likelihood of developing new allergen sensitizations: A systematic review. Allergy, 2017, 72(5), 691-704.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/all.13104] [PMID: 27926981]
[17]
Marogna, M.; Tomassetti, D.; Bernasconi, A.; Colombo, F.; Massolo, A.; Rienzo Businco, A.D.; Canonica, G.W.; Passalacqua, G.; Tripodi, S. Preventive effects of sublingual immunotherapy in childhood: An open randomized controlled study. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 2008, 101(2), 206-211.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60211-6] [PMID: 18727478]
[18]
Kristiansen, M.; Dhami, S.; Netuveli, G.; Halken, S.; Muraro, A.; Roberts, G.; Larenas-Linnemann, D.; Calderón, M.A.; Penagos, M.; Du Toit, G.; Ansotegui, I.J.; Kleine-Tebbe, J.; Lau, S.; Matricardi, P.M.; Pajno, G.; Papadopoulos, N.G.; Pfaar, O.; Ryan, D.; Santos, A.F.; Timmermanns, F.; Wahn, U.; Sheikh, A. Allergen immunotherapy for the prevention of allergy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol., 2017, 28(1), 18-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pai.12661] [PMID: 27653623]
[19]
Jacobsen, L.; Valovirta, E. How strong is the evidence that immunotherapy in children prevents the progression of allergy and asthma? Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2007, 7(6), 556-560.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0b013e3282f1d67e] [PMID: 17989534]
[20]
Gradman, J.; Halken, S. Preventive effect of allergen immunotherapy on asthma and new sensitizations. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract., 2021, 9(5), 1813-1817.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2021.03.010] [PMID: 33746088]
[21]
Noon, L. Prophylactic inoculation against hay fever. Lancet, 1911, 177(4580), 1572-1573.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)78276-6]
[22]
Freeman, J. Further observations of the treatment of hay fever by hypodermic inoculations of pollen vaccine. Lancet, 1911, 178(4594), 814-817.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)40417-X]
[23]
Johansson, S.G.; Bennich, H.; Wide, L. A new class of immunoglobulin in human serum. Immunology, 1968, 14(2), 265-272.
[PMID: 4170889]
[24a]
Ishizaka, K.; Ishizaka, T. Identification of gamma-E-antibodies as a carrier of reaginic activity. J. Immunol., 1967, 99(5), 849-858.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.99.5.849] [PMID: 4169032]
[24b]
Zubeldia, J.M.; Ferrer, M.; Dávila, I.; Justicia, J.L. Adjuvants in allergen-specific immunotherapy: Modulating and enhancing the immune response. J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol., 2019, 29(2), 103-111.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18176/jiaci.0349.]
[25]
Jensen-Jarolim, E.; Roth-Walter, F.; Jordakieva, G.; Pali-Schöll, I. Allergens and adjuvants in allergen immunotherapy for immune activation, tolerance, and resilience. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract., 2021, 9(5), 1780-1789.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2020.12.008] [PMID: 33753052]
[26]
Francis, J.N.; Durham, S.R. Adjuvants for allergen immunotherapy: Experimental results and clinical perspectives. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2004, 4(6), 543-548.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00130832-200412000-00012] [PMID: 15640697]
[27]
Ickovic, M.R.; Relyveld, E.H.; Hénocq, E.; Marie, F.N. Calcium-phosphate-adjuvanted allergens: Total and specific IgE levels before and after immunotherapy with house dust and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extracts. Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 1969, 116(3), 300-326.
[PMID: 5771871]
[28]
Relyveld, E.H.; Ickovic, M.R.; Hénocq, E.; Garcelon, M. Calcium phosphate adjuvanted allergens. Ann. Allergy, 1985, 54(6), 521-529.
[PMID: 4014780]
[29]
Baldrick, P.; Richardson, D.; Wheeler, A.W. Review ofL-tyrosine confirming its safe human use as an adjuvant. J. Appl. Toxicol., 2002, 22(5), 333-344.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jat.869] [PMID: 12355563]
[30]
Heath, M.D.; Mohsen, M.O.; de Kam, P.J.; Carreno Velazquez, T.L.; Hewings, S.J.; Kramer, M.F.; Kündig, T.M.; Bachmann, M.F.; Skinner, M.A. Shaping modern vaccines: Adjuvant systems using microcrystalline tyrosine (MCT®). Front. Immunol., 2020, 11594911
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.594911] [PMID: 33324411]
[31]
Hopkins, M.; Lees, B.G.; Richardson, D.G.; Woroniecki, S.R.; Wheeler, A.W. Standardisation of glutaraldehyde-modified tyrosine-adsorbed tree pollen vaccines containing the Th1-inducing adjuvant, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). Allergol. Immunopathol., 2001, 29(6), 245-254.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0546(01)79066-0] [PMID: 11834183]
[32]
Ortolani, C.; Pastorello, E.; Moss, R.B.; Hsu, Y.P.; Restuccia, M.; Joppolo, G.; Miadonna, A.; Cornelli, U.; Halpern, G.; Zanussi, C. Grass pollen immunotherapy: A single year double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with grass pollen-induced asthma and rhinitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 1984, 73(2), 283-290.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(84)80021-4] [PMID: 6366027]
[33]
Leynadier, F.; Banoun, L.; Dollois, B.; Terrier, P.; Epstein, M.; Guinnepain, M.T.; Firon, D.; Traube, C.; Fadel, R.; André, C. Immunotherapy with a calcium phosphate-adsorbed five-grass-pollen extract in seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 2001, 31(7), 988-996.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01145.x] [PMID: 11467988]
[34]
Gadermaier, E.; Flicker, S.; Aberer, W.; Egger, C.; Reider, N.; Focke, M.; Vrtala, S.; Kundi, M.; Valenta, R. Analysis of the antibody responses induced by subcutaneous injection immunotherapy with birch and Fagales pollen extracts adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 2010, 151(1), 17-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000232567] [PMID: 19672093]
[35]
Calderon, M.A.; Alves, B.; Jacobson, M.; Hurwitz, B.; Sheikh, A.; Durham, S. Allergen injection immunotherapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis. Cochrane Libr., 2007, 2007(1)CD001936
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001936.pub2] [PMID: 17253469]
[36]
Lee, J.H.; Kim, S.C.; Choi, H.; Jung, C.G.; Ban, G.Y.; Shin, Y.S.; Nahm, D.H.; Park, H.S.; Ye, Y.M. Subcutaneous immunotherapy for allergic asthma in a single center of Korea: Efficacy, safety, and clinical response predictors. J. Korean Med. Sci., 2017, 32(7), 1124-1130.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2017.32.7.1124] [PMID: 28581269]
[37]
Erekosima, N.; Suarez-Cuervo, C.; Ramanathan, M.; Kim, J.M.; Chelladurai, Y.; Segal, J.B.; Lin, S.Y. Effectiveness of subcutaneous immunotherapy for allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma: A systematic review. Laryngoscope, 2014, 124(3), 616-627.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lary.24295] [PMID: 23832632]
[38]
Dolz, I.; Martínez-Cócera, C.; Bartolomé, J.M.; Cimarra, M. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of immunotherapy with grass-pollen extract Alutard SQ during a 3-year period with initial rush immunotherapy. Allergy, 1996, 51(7), 489-500.
[PMID: 8863926]
[39]
Winther, L.; Arnved, J.; Malling, H.J.; Nolte, H.; Mosbech, H. Side-effects of allergen-specific immunotherapy. A prospective multi-centre study. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 2006, 36(3), 254-260.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02340.x] [PMID: 16499635]
[40]
Stewart, G.E., II; Lockey, R.F. Systemic reactions from allergen immunotherapy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 1992, 90(4), 567-578.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-6749(92)90129-P] [PMID: 1401640]
[41]
Winther, L.; Malling, H.J.; Mosbech, H. Allergen-specific immunotherapy in birch- and grass-pollen-allergic rhinitis. II. Side-effects. Allergy, 2000, 55(9), 827-835.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2000.00368.x] [PMID: 11003446]
[42]
Kiel, M.A.; Röder, E.; Gerth van Wijk, R.; Al, M.J.; Hop, W.C.J.; Rutten-van Mölken, M.P.M.H. Real-life compliance and persistence among users of subcutaneous and sublingual allergen immunotherapy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2013, 132(2), 353-360.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.03.013] [PMID: 23651609]
[43]
Bernstein, D.I.; Wanner, M.; Borish, L.; Liss, G.M. Twelve-year survey of fatal reactions to allergen injections and skin testing: 1990-2001. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2004, 113(6), 1129-1136.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2004.02.006] [PMID: 15208595]
[44]
Bukantz, S.C.; Bagg, A.S.; Lockey, R.F. Adverse effects and fatalities associated with subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy. Clin. Allergy Immunol., 2008, 21, 455-468.
[PMID: 18828523]
[45]
Rezvani, M.; Bernstein, D.I. Anaphylactic reactions during immunotherapy. Immunol. Allergy Clin. North Am., 2007, 27(2), 295-307. viii.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iac.2007.03.010] [PMID: 17493504]
[46]
Lockey, R.; Benedict, L.; Turkeltaub, P.; Bukantz, S. Fatalities from immunotherapy (IT) and skin testing (ST). J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 1987, 79(4), 660-677.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(87)80164-1] [PMID: 3559001]
[47]
Marsh, D.G. Preparation and properties of, allergoids, derived from native pollen allergens by mild formalin treatment. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 1971, 41(1), 199-215.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000230518] [PMID: 4104667]
[48]
Maasch, H.J.; Marsh, D.G. Standardized extracts modified allergens-allergoids. Clin. Rev. Allergy, 1987, 5(1), 89-106.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02802259] [PMID: 3548940]
[49]
Haddad, Z.; Marsh, D.; Campbell, D. Studies on “allergoids” prepared from naturally occurring allergens II. Evaluation of allergenicity and assay of antigenicity of formalinized mixed grass pollen extracts. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 1972, 49(4), 197-209.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-6749(72)90083-8] [PMID: 4622163]
[50]
Marsh, D.G.; Lichtenstein, L.M.; Campbell, D.H. Studies on “allergoids” prepared from naturally occurring allergens. I. Assay of allergenicity and antigenicity of formalinized rye group I component. Immunology, 1970, 18(5), 705-722.
[PMID: 4192674]
[51]
Puttonen, E.; Pilström, L.P.; Wahn, U.; Maasch, H.J. Studies on allergen and allergoid preparations from purified timothy (Phleum pratense) pollen extracts. II. Anaphylaxis studies in rats and histamine release from human leukocytes. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 1982, 68(1), 7-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000233059] [PMID: 6176551]
[52]
Bousquet, J.; Hejjaoui, A.; Skassabrociek, W.; Guérin, B.; Maasch, H.; Dhivert, H.; Michel, F. Double-blind, placebo-controlled immunotherapy with mixed grass-pollen allergoids I. Rush immunotherapy with allergoids and standardized orchard grass-pollen extract. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 1987, 80(4), 591-598.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-6749(87)90013-3] [PMID: 3668124]
[53]
Keskin, O.; Tuncer, A.; Adalioglu, G.; Sekerel, B.E.; Saçkesen, C.; Kalaycı, O. The effects of grass pollen allergoid immunotherapy on clinical and immunological parameters in children with allergic rhinitis. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol., 2006, 17(6), 396-407.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2006.00442.x] [PMID: 16925684]
[54]
Pfaar, O.; Hohlfeld, J.M.; Al-Kadah, B.; Hauswald, B.; Homey, B.; Hunzelmann, N.; Schliemann, S.; Velling, P.; Worm, M.; Klimek, L. Dose-response relationship of a new Timothy grass pollen allergoid in comparison with a 6-grass pollen allergoid. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 2017, 47(11), 1445-1455.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cea.12977] [PMID: 28696503]
[55]
Pastorello, E.A.; Pravettoni, V.; Incorvaia, C.; Mambretti, M.; Franck, E.; Wahl, R.; Zanussi, C. Clinical and immunological effects of immunotherapy with alum-absorbed grass allergoid in grass-pollen-induced hay fever. Allergy, 1992, 47(4), 281-290.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1992.tb02054.x] [PMID: 1443446]
[56]
Klimek, L.; Dormann, D.; Jarman, E.R.; Cromwell, O.; Riechelmann, H.; Reske-Kunz, A.B. Short-term preseasonal birch pollen allergoid immunotherapy influences symptoms, specific nasal provocation and cytokine levels in nasal secretions, but not peripheral T-cell responses, in patients with allergic rhinitis. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 1999, 29(10), 1326-1335.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00651.x] [PMID: 10520053]
[57]
Corrigan, C.J.; Kettner, J.; Doemer, C.; Cromwell, O.; Narkus, A. Efficacy and safety of preseasonal-specific immunotherapy with an aluminium-adsorbed six-grass pollen allergoid. Allergy, 2005, 60(6), 801-807.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00790.x] [PMID: 15876311]
[58]
Williams, A.; Henzgen, M.; Rajakulasingam, K. Additional benefit of a third year of specific grass pollen allergoid immunotherapy in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Eur. Ann. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2007, 39(4), 123-126.
[PMID: 17523386]
[59]
Gokmen, N.M.; Ersoy, R.; Gulbahar, O.; Ardeniz, O.; Sin, A.; Unsel, M.; Kokuludag, A. Desensitization effect of preseasonal seven-injection allergoid immunotherapy with olive pollen on basophil activation: The efficacy of olive pollen-specific preseasonal allergoid immunotherapy on basophils. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 2012, 159(1), 75-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000335251] [PMID: 22572984]
[60]
Worm, M.; Rak, S.; Samoliński, B.; Antila, J.; Höiby, A.S.; Kruse, B.; Lipiec, A.; Rudert, M.; Valovirta, E. Efficacy and safety of birch pollen allergoid subcutaneous immunotherapy: A 2‐year double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized trial plus 1‐year open‐label extension. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 2019, 49(4), 516-525.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cea.13331] [PMID: 30570787]
[61]
Patterson, R.; Suszko, I.M.; McIntire, F.C. Polymerized ragweed antigen E. I. Preparation and immunologic studies. J. Immunol., 1973, 110(5), 1402-1412.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.110.5.1402] [PMID: 4633300]
[62]
Grammer, L.C.; Shaughnessy, M.A.; Patterson, R. Modified forms of allergen immunotherapy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 1985, 76(2), 397-401.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-6749(85)90661-X] [PMID: 3926854]
[63]
Lee, T.M.; Grammer, L.C.; Shaughnessy, M.A.; Patterson, R. Modified antigens in the treatment of allergic disease. Year Immunol., 1986, 2, 338-350.
[PMID: 2437729]
[64]
Buczyłko, K.; van der Werf, J.F.; Boot, D.; van Ree, R. Accelerated up-dosing of subcutaneous immunotherapy with a registered allergoid birch pollen preparation. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 2017, 172(3), 183-186.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000464103] [PMID: 28380494]
[65]
Pfaar, O.; van Twuijver, E.; Hecker, H.; Boot, J.D.; van Ree, R.; Klimek, L. Accelerated up-dosing of subcutaneous immunotherapy with a registered allergoid grass pollen preparation. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 2013, 160(4), 420-424.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000343026] [PMID: 23183541]
[66]
Hansen, I.; Hörmann, K.; Stuck, B.A.; Schneider-Gêne, S.; Mösges, R.; Klimek, L. [Cluster-immunotherapy in seasonal allergic rhinitis: safety aspects of induction therapy with depot allergoids (Purethal)]. Laryngorhinootologie, 2003, 82(8), 558-563.
[PMID: 12915987]
[67]
Ceuppens, J.L.; Bullens, D.; Kleinjans, H.; van der Werf, J. Immunotherapy with a modified birch pollen extract in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: Clinical and immunological effects. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 2009, 39(12), 1903-1909.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03379.x] [PMID: 20085600]
[68]
Heydenreich, B.; Bellinghausen, I.; Lund, L.; Henmar, H.; Lund, G.; Adler Würtzen, P.; Saloga, J. Adjuvant effects of aluminium hydroxide-adsorbed allergens and allergoids – differences in vivo and in vitro. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 2014, 176(3), 310-319.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cei.12294] [PMID: 24528247]
[69]
Bozek, A.; Kolodziejczyk, K.; Jarzab, J. Safety and efficacy of tree pollen specific immunotherapy on the ultrarush administration schedule method using purethal trees. BioMed Res. Int., 2014, 2014, 1-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/707634] [PMID: 24783221]
[70]
Morais-Almeida, M.; Arêde, C.; Sampaio, G.; Borrego, L.M. Ultrarush schedule of subcutaneous immunotherapy with modified allergen extracts is safe in paediatric age. Asia Pac. Allergy, 2016, 6(1), 35-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5415/apallergy.2016.6.1.35] [PMID: 26844218]
[71]
Pfaar, O.; Urry, Z.; Robinson, D.S.; Sager, A.; Richards, D.; Hawrylowicz, C.M.; Bräutigam, M.; Klimek, L. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of rush preseasonal depigmented polymerized grass pollen immunotherapy. Allergy, 2012, 67(2), 272-279.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02736.x] [PMID: 22107266]
[72]
Pfaar, O.; Sager, A.; Robinson, D.S. Safety and effect on reported symptoms of depigmented polymerized allergen immunotherapy: A retrospective study of 2927 paediatric patients. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol., 2015, 26(3), 280-286.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pai.12347] [PMID: 25640879]
[73]
Pfaar, O.; Robinson, D.S.; Sager, A.; Emuzyte, R. Immunotherapy with depigmented-polymerized mixed tree pollen extract: A clinical trial and responder analysis. Allergy, 2010, 65(12), 1614-1621.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02413.x] [PMID: 20645937]
[74]
Pfaar, O.; Biedermann, T.; Klimek, L.; Sager, A.; Robinson, D.S. Depigmented-polymerized mixed grass/birch pollen extract immunotherapy is effective in polysensitized patients. Allergy, 2013, 68(10), 1306-1313.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/all.12219] [PMID: 23991896]
[75]
Höiby, A.S.; Strand, V.; Robinson, D.S.; Sager, A.; Rak, S. Efficacy, safety, and immunological effects of a 2-year immunotherapy with Depigoid® birch pollen extract: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 2010, 40(7), 1062-1070.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03521.x] [PMID: 20642579]
[76]
Casanovas, M.; Martín, R.; Jiménez, C.; Caballero, R.; Fernández-Caldas, E. Safety of an ultra-rush immunotherapy build-up schedule with therapeutic vaccines containing depigmented and polymerized allergen extracts. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 2006, 139(2), 153-158.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000090392] [PMID: 16374026]
[77]
Guerra, F.; Daza, J.C.; Almeda, E. Immunotherapy with a depigmented, polymerized vaccine of Olea europaea pollen allergens. Significantly reduces specific bronchial and skin test reactivity in sensitized patients after one year of treatment. J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol., 2003, 13(2), 108-117.
[PMID: 12968395]
[78]
García-Sellés, J.; Pascual, A.; Funes, E.; Pagán, J.A.; López, J.D.; Negro, J.M.; Hernández, J. Clinical efficacy and safety of a depigmented and glutaraldehyde polymerized therapeutic vaccine of Parietaria judaica. Allergol. Immunopathol., 2003, 31(2), 63-69.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0546(03)79170-8] [PMID: 12646120]
[79]
Brehler, R.; Klimek, L.; Pfaar, O.; Hauswald, B.; Worm, M.; Bieber, T. Safety of a rush immunotherapy build-up schedule with depigmented polymerized allergen extracts. Allergy Asthma Proc., 2010, 31(3), 31-38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/aap.2010.31.3334] [PMID: 20615317]
[80]
Drachenberg, K.J.; Prölla, S.; Urban, E.; Woroniecki, S.R. Single-course specific immunotherapy with mixed pollen allergoids: Results of a multi-centre study. Allergol. Immunopathol., 2003, 31(2), 77-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0546(03)79172-1] [PMID: 12646122]
[81]
Negro, J.M.; Wheeler, A.W.; Hernández, J.; Youlten, L.J.; Pascual, A.; García-Sellés, F.J.; Pagán, J.A.; López-Sánchez, J.D.; Miralles, J.C.; Sarrió, F.; Milán, J.M.; Contreras, L.G.; Vidal, D. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of two preseasonal regimens of glutaraldehyde modified, tyrosine-adsorbed parietaria pollen extract over a period of three years in monosensitive patients. Allergol. Immunopathol., 1999, 27(3), 153-164.
[PMID: 10431101]
[82]
Drachenberg, K.J.; Wheeler, A.W.; Stuebner, P.; Horak, F. A well-tolerated grass pollen-specific allergy vaccine containing a novel adjuvant, monophosphoryl lipid A, reduces allergic symptoms after only four preseasonal injections. Allergy, 2001, 56(6), 498-505.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2001.056006498.x] [PMID: 11421893]
[83]
Rosewich, M.; Lee, D.; Zielen, S. Pollinex Quattro: An innovative four injections immunotherapy In allergic rhinitis. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother., 2013, 9(7), 1523-1531.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/hv.24631] [PMID: 23584250]
[84]
Drachenberg, K.J.; Heinzkill, M.; Urban, E.; Woroniecki, S.R. Efficacy and tolerability of short-term specific immunotherapy with pollen allergoids adjuvanted by monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL®) for children and adolescents. Allergol. Immunopathol., 2003, 31(5), 270-278.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0546(03)79195-2] [PMID: 14572416]
[85]
Patel, P.; Holdich, T.; Fischer von Weikersthal-Drachenberg, K.J.; Huber, B. Efficacy of a short course of specific immunotherapy in patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis to ragweed pollen. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2014, 133(1), 121-129.e2, 2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2013.05.03] [PMID: 23870670]
[86]
Evaluation of effectiveness and safety of three year immunotherapy with mixed grass pollen allergens. Arch Med Wewn., 2001, 106(6), 1163-1168.
[87]
Florido-López, JF.; Andreu-Balaguer, C.; Seoane-Rodríguez, M.; Hernández, M. Effectiveness and safety of a glutaraldehyde modified, L-tyrosine-adsorbed and monophosphoryl lipid A-Adjuvanted allergen immunotherapy in patients with allergic asthma sensitized to olive pollen: A retrospective, controlled real-world study. World Allergy Organ J, 2020, 13(12)100487
[88]
Chaker, A.M.; Al-Kadah, B.; Luther, U.; Neumann, U.; Wagenmann, M. An accelerated dose escalation with a grass pollen allergoid is safe and well-tolerated: A randomized open label phase II trial. Clin. Transl. Allergy, 2015, 6(1), 4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13601-016-0093-z] [PMID: 26839682]
[89]
Copenhaver, C.C.; Parker, A.; Patch, S. Systemic reactions with aeroallergen cluster immunotherapy in a clinical practice. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 2011, 107(5), 441-447.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2011.06.026] [PMID: 22018617]
[90]
Cox, L.; Nelson, H.; Lockey, R.; Calabria, C.; Chacko, T.; Finegold, I.; Nelson, M.; Weber, R.; Bernstein, D.I.; Blessing-Moore, J.; Khan, D.A.; Lang, D.M.; Nicklas, R.A.; Oppenheimer, J.; Portnoy, J.M.; Randolph, C.; Schuller, D.E.; Spector, S.L.; Tilles, S.; Wallace, D. Allergen immunotherapy: A practice parameter third update. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2011, 127(1), S1-S55.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2010.09.034] [PMID: 21122901]
[91]
Becker, S.; Zieglmayer, P.; Canto, G.; Fassio, F.; Yong, P.; Acikel, C.; Raskopf, E.; Steveling-Klein, E.H.; Allekotte, S.; Mösges, R. A meta‐analysis on allergen‐specific immunotherapy using MCT ® (MicroCrystalline Tyrosine)‐adsorbed allergoids in pollen allergic patients suffering from allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Clin. Transl. Allergy, 2021, 11(4)e12037
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clt2.12037] [PMID: 34523256]
[92]
Mösges, R.; Valero Santiago, A.; Allekotte, S.; Jahed, N.; Astvatsatourov, A.; Sager, A.; Sánchez-López, J. Subcutaneous immunotherapy with depigmented-polymerized allergen extracts: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Transl. Allergy, 2019, 9(1), 29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13601-019-0268-5] [PMID: 31171962]
[93]
Kopp, M.V.; König, I.R.; Friedrichs, F.; Umpfenbach, H.U.; Niggemann, B.; Millner-Uhlemann, M. Comparison of six different allergen extracts for subcutaneous specific immunotherapy in children: An open-labelled, prospective, controlled observational trial. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 2019, 180(4), 284-290.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000503104] [PMID: 31665735]
[94]
Celebi Sözener, Z.; Mungan, D.; Cevhertas, L.; Ogulur, I.; Akdis, M.; Akdis, C. Tolerance mechanisms in allergen immunotherapy. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2020, 20(6), 591-601.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0000000000000693] [PMID: 33002895]
[95]
Drazdauskaitė, G.; Layhadi, JA.; Shamji, MH. Mechanisms of allergen immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep., 2020, 21(1), 2.
[96]
von Baehr, V.; Hermes, A.; von Baehr, R.; Scherf, H.P.; Volk, H.D. Allergoid-specific T-cell reaction as a measure of the immunological response to specific immunotherapy (SIT) with a Th1-adjuvanted allergy vaccine. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2004, 113(6), 1025-1034.
[PMID: 15208578]
[97]
Bacher, P.; Scheffold, A. Antigen-specific regulatory T-cell responses against aeroantigens and their role in allergy. Mucosal Immunol., 2018, 11(6), 1537-1550.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41385-018-0038-z] [PMID: 29858582]
[98]
Lao-Araya, M.; Steveling, E.; Scadding, G.W.; Durham, S.R.; Shamji, M.H. Seasonal increases in peripheral innate lymphoid type 2 cells are inhibited by subcutaneous grass pollen immunotherapy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2014, 134(5), 1193-1195.e4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.029] [PMID: 25212194]
[99]
Distler, A.; Pappelendam, D. 13-year overview of serious adverse drug reactions following subcutaneous specific immunotherapy with a chemically modified allergen preparation. Allergo J. Int., 2015, 24(8), 294-302.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40629-015-0084-y] [PMID: 27069842]
[100]
Radulovic, S.; Wilson, D.; Calderon, M.; Durham, S. Systematic reviews of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT). Allergy, 2011, 66(6), 740-752.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02583.x] [PMID: 21443635]
[101]
Wilson, D.R.; Torres Lima, M.; Durham, S.R. Sublingual immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy, 2005, 60(1), 4-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00699.x] [PMID: 15575924]
[102]
Mösges, R.; El Hassan, E.; Passàli, D. Sublingual specific immunotherapy. Discov. Med., 2010, 10(53), 348-354.
[PMID: 21034676]
[103]
Epstein, T.G.; Calabria, C.; Cox, L.S.; Dreborg, S. Current evidence on safety and practical considerations for administration of Sublingual Allergen Immunotherapy (SLIT) in the United States. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract., 2017, 5(1), 34-40.e2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2016.09.017] [PMID: 27815065]
[104]
Mailhol, C.; Didier, A. Specific immunotherapy in grass pollen allergy. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother., 2012, 8(10), 1544-1547.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/hv.22357] [PMID: 23095875]
[105]
Didier, A.; Worm, M.; Horak, F.; Sussman, G.; de Beaumont, O.; Le Gall, M.; Melac, M.; Malling, H.J. Sustained 3-year efficacy of pre- and coseasonal 5-grass-pollen sublingual immunotherapy tablets in patients with grass pollen–induced rhinoconjunctivitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2011, 128(3), 559-566.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.06.022] [PMID: 21802126]
[106]
Didier, A.; Bons, B. Safety and tolerability of 5-grass pollen tablet sublingual immunotherapy: Pooled analysis and clinical review. Expert Opin. Drug Saf., 2015, 14(5), 777-788.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14740338.2015.1017468] [PMID: 25732009]
[107]
Li, J.T.; Bernstein, D.I.; Calderon, M.A.; Casale, T.B.; Cox, L.; Passalacqua, G.; Pfaar, O.; Papadopoulos, N.G. Sublingual grass and ragweed immunotherapy: Clinical considerations - a PRACTALL consensus report. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2016, 137(2), 369-376.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.06.046] [PMID: 26371843]
[108]
Valovirta, E.; Petersen, T.H.; Piotrowska, T.; Laursen, M.K.; Andersen, J.S.; Sørensen, H.F.; Klink, R.; Varga, E-M.; Huttegger, I.; Agertoft, L.; Halken, S.; Jørgensen, M.; Hansen, L.G.; Cronjäger, R.; Hansen, K.S.; Petersen, T.H.; Rubak, S.; Valovirta, E.; Csonka, P.; Mickelsson, O.; de Blic, J.; Thi, N.P.; Refabert, L.; Pasquet, C.; Broue-Chabbert, A.; Juchet, A.; Lebeaupin, B.; Durand-Perdriel, F.; Wessel, F.; Payot, F.; Girodet, B.; Houssel, J-M.; Andre-Gomez, S-A.; Riotte-Flandrois, F.; Basset, D.; Mounier, D.; Robberecht, M.N.; Delbecque, L.; Klink, R.; Fauquert, J-L. Prud’Homme, A.; Auffret, A.; Luet-Gautier, B.; Perello, M.A.; Bouillot, F.; Bufe, A.; von Berg, A.; Gappa, M.; Vogelberg, C.; Hamelmann, E.; Schauer, U.; Stephan, V.; Eberle, P.; Bedikian, R.; Bosch, P.; Christmann, J.P.; Franke, E.; Dahlheim, M.; Kaiser, F.; Knecht, R.; Sandner, B.; Gronke, C.; Köllges, R.; Franke-Beckmann, E.; Klimek, L.; Hoffmann, M.; Bretschneider, I.; Herland Berstad, A.K.; Kvenshagen, B.; Øymar, K.A.; Andersen, B.D.; Kolsrud, E.; Søyland, A.; Dyczek, A.; Bokiej, J.; Hofman, T.; Springer, E.; Lisiecka, M.; Madaj, A.; Piotrowska, T.; Trębas-Pietraś, E.; Wytrychowski, K.; Żurowska-Gębala, M.Z.; Moszyńska, D.; Kwaśniewski, A.; Ojeda, P.; Ibáñez, M.D.; Cimarra, M.; Infante, S.; Quirce, S.; González, E.; Vega, A.; Panizo, C.; Tabar, A.I.; Vidal, C.; Gómez, A.A.; Parra, B.F.; Winnergård, I.; Kiotseridis, H.; Söderman, P.; Alm, J.; Jönsson, J-Å.; Berner, A.; Jonsson, Ö.; Nilsson, L.; Koehli-Wiesner, A.; Schmid-Grendelmeier, P.; Eng, P.; Roberts, G.; Sood, R.; Fox, A.; Custovic, A. Results from the 5-year SQ grass sublingual immunotherapy tablet asthma prevention (GAP) trial in children with grass pollen allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2018, 141(2), 529-538.e13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.06.014] [PMID: 28689794]
[109]
Saporta, D. Efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy versus subcutaneous injection immunotherapy in allergic patients. J. Environ. Public Health, 2012, 2012, 1-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/492405] [PMID: 22523505]
[110]
Nelson, H.; Cartier, S.; Allen-Ramey, F.; Lawton, S.; Calderon, M.A. Network meta-analysis shows commercialized subcutaneous and sublingual grass products have comparable efficacy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract., 2015, 3(2), 256-266.e3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2014.09.018] [PMID: 25609326]
[111]
Sieber, J.; Shah-Hosseini, K.; Mösges, R. Specific immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis to grass and tree pollens in daily medical practice—symptom load with sublingual immunotherapy compared to subcutaneous immunotherapy. Ann. Med., 2011, 43(6), 418-424.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07853890.2011.595426] [PMID: 21679103]
[112]
Jutel, M.; Akdis, M.; Blaser, K.; Akdis, C.A. Mechanisms of allergen specific immunotherapy - T-cell tolerance and more. Allergy, 2006, 61(7), 796-807.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01175.x] [PMID: 16792576]
[113]
Allam, J.P.; Stojanovski, G.; Friedrichs, N.; Peng, W.; Bieber, T.; Wenzel, J.; Novak, N. Distribution of Langerhans cells and mast cells within the human oral mucosa: New application sites of allergens in sublingual immunotherapy? Allergy, 2008, 63(6), 720-727.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01611.x] [PMID: 18445186]
[114]
Palomares, O.; Ruchert, B.; Jartti, T.; Kücüksezer, U.C.; Puhakka, T. Induction and maintenance of allergen-specific FOXP3+ Treg cells in human tonsils as potential first-line organs of oral tolerance. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2012, 129(2), 510-520.
[115]
Allam, J.P.; Duan, Y.; Winter, J.; Stojanovski, G.; Fronhoffs, F.; Wenghoefer, M.; Bieber, T.; Peng, W.M.; Novak, N. Tolerogenic T cells, Th1/Th17 cytokines and TLR2/TLR4 expressing dendritic cells predominate the microenvironment within distinct oral mucosal sites. Allergy, 2011, 66(4), 532-539.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02510.x] [PMID: 21087216]
[116]
Novak, N.; Bieber, T.; Allam, J.P. Immunological mechanisms of sublingual allergen-specific immunotherapy. Allergy, 2011, 66(6), 733-739.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02535.x] [PMID: 21251016]
[117]
Bohle, B.; Kinaciyan, T.; Gerstmayr, M.; Radakovics, A.; Jahn-Schmid, B.; Ebner, C. Sublingual immunotherapy induces IL-10–producing T regulatory cells, allergen-specific T-cell tolerance, and immune deviation. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2007, 120(3), 707-713.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2007.06.013] [PMID: 17681368]
[118]
Antico, A.; Fante, R. Esophageal hypereosinophilia induced by grass sublingual immunotherapy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2014, 133(5), 1482-1484.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.01.030] [PMID: 24636095]
[119]
Perales Chordá, C.; Sáez González, E.; Martí Garrido, J.; López Salgueiro, R.; Hernández Fernández de Rojas, D. Esophageal dysfunction and immunological changes induced by grass sublingual immunotherapy. Eur. Ann. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2017, 49(1), 28-30.
[PMID: 28120604]
[120]
Miehlke, S.; Alpan, O.; Schröder, S.; Straumann, A. Induction of eosinophilic esophagitis by sublingual pollen immunotherapy. Case Rep. Gastroenterol., 2013, 7(3), 363-368.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000355161] [PMID: 24163646]
[121]
Mösges, R.; Passali, D.; Di Gioacchino, M. Worldwide surveys on anaphylaxis to sublingual immunotherapy with house dust mite tablets are urgently needed. Clin. Transl. Allergy, 2021, 11(1)e12012
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clt2.12012] [PMID: 33900053]
[122]
de Groot, H.; Bijl, A. Anaphylactic reaction after the first dose of sublingual immunotherapy with grass pollen tablet. Allergy, 2009, 64(6), 963-964.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.01998.x] [PMID: 19222420]
[123]
Eifan, A.O.; Keles, S.; Bahceciler, N.N.; Barlan, I.B. Anaphylaxis to multiple pollen allergen sublingual immunotherapy. Allergy, 2007, 62(5), 567-568.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01301.x] [PMID: 17313400]
[124]
Nolte, H.; Casale, T.B.; Lockey, R.F.; Fogh, B.S.; Kaur, A.; Lu, S.; Nelson, H.S. Epinephrine use in clinical trials of sublingual immunotherapy tablets. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract., 2017, 5(1), 84-89.e3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2016.08.017] [PMID: 27838323]
[125]
Mistrello, G.; Brenna, O.; Roncarolo, D.; Zanoni, D.; Gentili, M.; Falagiani, P. Monomeric chemically modified allergens: Immunologic and physicochemical characterization. Allergy, 1996, 51(1), 8-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1996.tb00003.x] [PMID: 8721522]
[126]
Mistrello, G.; Roncarolo, D.; Gentili, M.; Zanoni, D.; Falagiani, P. Modified par j I allergen from P. judaica pollen and its rate of absorption in rats. Immunol. Lett., 1994, 40(1), 31-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-2478(94)90202-X] [PMID: 7927511]
[127]
Passalacqua, G.; Altrinetti, V.; Mariani, G.; Falagiani, P.; Mistrello, G.; Brizzolara, R.; Canonica, G.W.; Bagnasco, M. Pharmacokinetics of radiolabelled Par j 1 administered intranasally to allergic and healthy subjects. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 2005, 35(7), 880-883.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.2226.x] [PMID: 16008673]
[128]
Bagnasco, M.; Passalacqua, G.; Villa, G.; Augeri, C.; Flamigni, G.; Borini, E.; Falagiani, P.; Mistrello, G.; Canonica, G.W.; Mariani, G. Pharmacokinetics of an allergen and a monomeric allergoid for oromucosal immunotherapy in allergic volunteers. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 2001, 31(1), 54-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.00999.x] [PMID: 11167951]
[129]
Petrarca, C.; Lazzarin, F.; Pannellini, T.; Iezzi, M.; Braga, M.; Mistrello, G.; Falagiani, P.; Di Giampaolo, L.; Di Gioacchino, M. Monomeric allergoid intragastric administration induces local and systemic tolerogenic response involving IL-10-producing CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory cells in mice. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol., 2010, 23(4), 1021-1031.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039463201002300407] [PMID: 21244752]
[130]
Passalacqua, G.; Albano, M.; Fregonese, L.; Riccio, A.; Pronzato, C.; Mela, G.S.; Canonica, G.W. Randomised controlled trial of local allergoid immunotherapy on allergic inflammation in mite-induced rhinoconjunctivitis. Lancet, 1998, 351(9103), 629-632.
[131]
Gammeri, E.; Arena, A.; D’anneo, R.; La Grutta, S. Safety and tolerability of ultra-Rush (20 minutes) sublingual immunotherapy in patients with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma. Allergol. Immunopathol., 2005, 33(3), 142-144.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1157/13075710] [PMID: 15946626]
[132]
Giordano, T.; Quarta, C.; Bruno, M.E.; Falagiani, P.; Riva, G. Safety, tolerability and efficacy of sublingual allergoid immunotherapy with a 4-day shortened build-up phase. Eur. Ann. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2006, 38(9), 310-312.
[PMID: 17191751]
[133]
D’Anneo, R.W.; Arena, A.; Gammeri, E.; Bruno, M.E.; Falagiani, P.; Riva, G.; Leonardi, S.; La Rosa, M. Parietaria sublingual allergoid immunotherapy with a co-seasonal treatment schedule. Allergol. Immunopathol., 2008, 36(2), 79-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1157/13120392] [PMID: 18479659]
[134]
Agostinis, F.; Foglia, C.; Bruno, M.E.; Falagiani, P. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of sublingual monomeric allergoid in tablets given without up-dosing to pediatric patients with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma due to grass pollen. Eur. Ann. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2009, 41(6), 177-180.
[PMID: 20128231]
[135]
Mösges, R.; Rohdenburg, C.; Eichel, A.; Zadoyan, G.; Kasche, E.M.; Shah-Hosseini, K.; Lehmacher, W.; Schmalz, P.; Compalati, E. Dose-finding study of carbamylated monomeric allergoid tablets in grass-allergic rhinoconjunctivitis patients. Immunotherapy, 2017, 9(15), 1225-1238.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/imt-2017-0058] [PMID: 29130797]
[136]
Pacor, M.L.; Biasi, D.; Carletto, A.; Maleknia, T.; Lunardi, C. Oral Immunotherapy in the treatment of rhinoconjunctivitis due to grass pollen. Recenti Prog. Med., 1996, 87, 4-6.
[PMID: 8711254]
[137]
Bordignon, V.; Di Berardino, L Efficacy of a new oral immunotherapy for grasses. Parallel study performed for three years. Giorn it Allergolo Immunol. Clin., 1194, 4, 153-159.
[138]
Cavagni, G. Sublingual grass immunotherapy in children, A controlled trial against placebo; Notiziario Allergologico, 1996, pp. 37-39.
[139]
Lombardi, C.; Gargioni, S.; Venturi, S.; Zoccali, P.; Canonica, G.W.; Passalacqua, G. Controlled study of preseasonal immunotherapy with grass pollen extract in tablets: Effect on bronchial hyperreactivity. J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol., 2001, 11(1), 41-45.
[PMID: 11436970]
[140]
Arena, A.; Barbatano, E.; Gammeri, E.; Bruno, M.; Riva, G. Specific immunotherapy of allergic diseases: A three years perspective observational study. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol., 2003, 16(3), 277-282.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039463200301600314] [PMID: 14611732]
[141]
Quercia, O.; Bruno, M.E.; Compalati, E.; Falagiani, P.; Mistrello, G.; Stefanini, G.F. Efficacy and safety of sublingual immunotherapy with grass monomeric allergoid: Comparison between two different treatment regimens. Eur. Ann. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2011, 43(6), 176-183.
[PMID: 22360134]
[142]
Passali, D.; Mösges, R.; Passali, G.C.; Passali, F.M.; Ayoko, G.; Bellussi, L. Safety, tolerability and efficacy of sublingual allergoid immunotherapy with three different shortened up-dosing administration schedules. Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Ital., 2010, 30(3), 131-137.
[PMID: 20948588]
[143]
Palma-Carlos, A.G.; Santos, A.S.; Branco-Ferreira, M.; Pregal, A.L.; Palma-Carlos, M.L.; Bruno, M.E.; Falagiani, P.; Riva, G. Clinical efficacy and safety of preseasonal sublingual immunotherapy with grass pollen carbamylated allergoid in rhinitic patients. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Allergol. Immunopathol., 2006, 34(5), 194-198.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1157/13094026] [PMID: 17064648]
[144]
Agostinis, F.; Tellarini, L.; Canonica, G.W.; Falagiani, P.; Passalacqua, G. Safety of sublingual immunotherapy with a monomeric allergoid in very young children. Allergy, 2005, 60(1), 133.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00616.x] [PMID: 15575951]
[145]
Mösges, R.; Ritter, B.; Kayoko, G.; Allekotte, S. Carbamylated monomeric allergoids as a therapeutic option for sublingual immunotherapy of dust mite- and grass pollen-induced allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: A systematic review of published trials with a meta-analysis of treatment using Lais® tablets. Acta Dermatovenerol. Alp. Panonica Adriat., 2010, 19(3), 3-10.
[PMID: 20976414]
[146]
Caffarelli, C.; Sensi, L.G.; Marcucci, F.; Cavagni, G. Preseasonal local allergoid immunotherapy to grass pollen in children: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Allergy, 2000, 55(12), 1142-1147.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2000.00655.x] [PMID: 11117271]
[147]
Compalati, E.; Incorvaia, C.; Urbano, S.; Strada, P.; Frati, F. The safety of carbamylated monomeric allergoids for sublingual immunotherapy. Data from a pharmacovigilance study. Immunotherapy, 2020, 12(3), 195-202.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/imt-2019-0095] [PMID: 31969034]
[148]
Eichel, A; Düster, M; Astvatsatourov, A; Shah-Hosseini, K; Mösges, R Efficacy of birch pollen allergoid sublingual tablets for the treatment of AR: A prospective, randomised, controlled, double-blind dose-finding study in 154 patients; EAACI, 2014.
[149]
Compalati, E. Efficacy and safety of sublingual immunotherapy with Betulaceae monomeric allergoids in patients with rhinoconjunctivitis and/or mild asthma. Allergy Newsletter, 2021, 39, 68-69.
[150]
Marogna, M.; Braidi, C.; Bruno, M.E.; Colombo, C.; Colombo, F.; Massolo, A.; Palumbo, L.; Compalati, E. The contribution of sublingual immunotherapy to the achievement of control in birch-related mild persistent asthma: A real-life randomised trial. Allergol. Immunopathol., 2013, 41(4), 216-224.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aller.2012.07.004] [PMID: 23141837]
[151]
Ariano, R.; Panzani, R.C.; Augeri, G. Efficacy and safety of oral immunotherapy in respiratory allergy to Parietaria judaica pollen. A double-blind study. J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol., 1998, 8(3), 155-160.
[PMID: 9684188]
[152]
Ariano, R.; Panzani, R.C.; Mistrello, G. Efficacy of sublingual coseasonal immunotherapy with a monomeric allergoid in Cupressaceae pollen allergy - preliminary data. Eur. Ann. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2005, 37(3), 103-108.
[PMID: 15918297]
[153]
Leonardi, S.; Arena, A.; Bruno, M.E.; Cannaò, P.M.; D’Anneo, R.W.; Falagiani, P.; Gammeri, E.; Mistrello, G.; Nicolini, A.; Ricciardi, L.; Valenti, G.; Longo, R.; La Rosa, M. Olea sublingual allergoid immunotherapy administered with two different treatment regimens. Allergy Asthma Proc., 2010, 31(2), 25-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/aap.2010.31.3316] [PMID: 20406589]
[154]
Burastero, S.E.; Mistrello, G.; Falagiani, P.; Paolucci, C.; Breda, D.; Roncarolo, D.; Zanotta, S.; Monasterolo, G.; Rossi, R.E. Effect of sublingual immunotherapy with grass monomeric allergoid on allergen-specific T-cell proliferation and interleukin 10 production. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 2008, 100(4), 343-350.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60597-2] [PMID: 18450120]
[155]
Burastero, S.E.; Mistrello, G.; Paolucci, C.; Breda, D.; Roncarolo, D.; Zanotta, S.; Falagiani, P. Clinical and immunological correlates of pre-co-seasonal sublingual immunotherapy with birch monomeric allergoid in patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol., 2009, 22(2), 343-352.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039463200902200211] [PMID: 19505388]
[156]
Guida, G.; Boita, M.; Scirelli, T.; Bommarito, L.; Heffler, E.; Badiu, I.; Bellone, G.; Mietta, S.; Mistrello, G.; Rolla, G. Innate and lymphocytic response of birch-allergic patients before and after sublingual immunotherapy. Allergy Asthma Proc., 2012, 33(5), 411-415.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/aap.2012.33.3588] [PMID: 22762741]
[157]
Skaarup, S.H.; Schmid, J.M.; Skjold, T.; Graumann, O.; Hoffmann, H.J. Intralymphatic immunotherapy improves grass pollen allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: A 3-year randomized placebo-controlled trial. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2021, 147(3), 1011-1019.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.07.002] [PMID: 32679209]
[158]
Park, K.H.; Oh, E.Y.; Han, H.; Kim, J.D.; Kim, S.J.; Jeong, K.Y.; Kim, J.H.; Park, C.O.; Kim, S.R.; Lee, J.H.; Jeong, D.H.; Yong, T.S.; Lee, K.H.; Park, J.W. Efficacy of transdermal immunotherapy with biodegradable microneedle patches in a murine asthma model. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 2020, 50(9)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cea.13688] [PMID: 32557846]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy