Title:Adaptive and Compensatory Mechanisms of the Cardiovascular System and
Disease Risk Factors in Young Males and Females
Volume: 4
Author(s): Basheer Abdullah Marzoog*
Affiliation:
- National Research Mordovia State University, Bolshevitskaya Street, 68, Saransk, Rep. Mordovia, 430005, Russian Federation
Keywords:
Cardiovascular and adaptation, Risk factor and physiopathology, Kerdo index, Obesity and lifestyle, Martinet’s test, Death.
Abstract:
Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is increasing dramatically in young people and is the leading cause of death worldwide.
Aims: This study aimed to evaluate differences in the adaptive and compensatory mechanisms of the cardiovascular system (CVS) in young men and
women to determine the most significant risk factors and assess the stability of the non-invasive method used in the early detection of CVD risk
factors in young people.
Objectives: Currently, early evaluation of CVD risk factors is possible only through invasive methods, such as the Framingham risk score and the SCORE
chart. Therefore, the development of a more flexible and non-invasive method is crucial in large populations.
Methods: A cohort cross-sectional investigation examined 173 volunteers, divided into two groups according to gender (n1 female=83, n2 male=90), and their heart
rate, blood pressure (SBP/DBP), height, weight, and waist and hip circumference were non-invasively measured. Then, the potential adaptation
value (R.M. Baevsky et al., 1987), Martinet test (MT), body mass index (BMI), and waist/hip ratio were calculated. Moreover, we collected
information on lifestyle risk factors, including tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, factors related to unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity,
sleep deprivation, and anxiety, through special in-person interviews using paper/online questionnaires. The T-test and the x2 tests were applied for
statistical analysis.
Results: Impaired/pathological cardiovascular adaptation was observed in 11.54% of the female group and 46.07% of the male group. In the female group,
cardiovascular recovery abnormalities were observed in the SBP, DBP, and HR MT in 20.59%, 16.18%, and 44.12%, respectively, whereas in the
male group, 32.50%, 21.25% and 36.25%, respectively. Despite gender, these deviations were accompanied by the prevalence of sympathetic
influences in the regulation of CVS functions in 72.73% of the first group and 69.66% of the second group. BMI was violated in 47.19% of males
and 29.49% of females. The test results were identical to that in the invasive methods of assessment of CVD risk factors.
Conclusion: Abnormalities in cardiovascular adaptation mechanisms in young women are less pronounced. Gender-dependent risk factors have high yields,
such as obesity, low physical activity, and hypertension, which are more pronounced in men. The usability of the test requires further investigation
on a larger sample.
