Title:Role of Tyrosine Kinases and their Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy: A
Comprehensive Review
Volume: 30
Issue: 13
Author(s): Vanktesh Kumar, Navjot Kaur, Sanjeev Sahu, Vikas Sharma*, Deepak Kumar, Ajit Sharma and Pankaj Wadhwa*
Affiliation:
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University,
Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara, Punjab-144401, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University,
Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara, Punjab-144401, India
Keywords:
Anticancer agents, ATP, cancer, inhibitors, phosphorylation, tyrosine kinase.
Abstract:
Background: Cancer has been recognized as one of the non-communicable
diseases with an increasing number of new cases, higher morbidity, and higher mortality
rates at the global level. Thus, there is non-stop search for novel targets and small
molecules to improve the chemotherapeutic outcomes concerning potency, selectivity, efficiency,
affinity, ADMET, etc. Among anticancer therapeutic targets, tyrosine kinase
has been documented well and approved as an important target with the development of
various clinically used drugs. There are several structurally diverse small molecules in
different preclinical and clinical stages of development that act by affecting tyrosine kinases
in cancerous cells. Here, we have summarized different potent molecules acting
against tyrosine kinases that can be considered as anticancer agents.
Objective: The current review focused on structural aspects of different chemical agents
for inhibition of tyrosine kinases as anticancer agents.
Methods: The present study provides a summarized review of published information on
tyrosine kinase inhibitors, their binding pattern, potencies, and structure-activity relationships.
The review also highlighted the structural aspects of the interaction between inhibitors
and amino acid residues of tyrosine kinases. Moreover, it also provided a summary
of different types of cancers and the currently available options for treatment.
Results: Several studies are being conducted for the inhibition of different tyrosine kinases
using small molecules for the treatment of cancer. Tyrosine kinases have been reported
involving in routine cellular functions, growth, and division of cells through different
pathways which depend on phosphorylation. The overexpression and uncontrolled activity
of tyrosine kinases have been identified as an important feature of cancerous cells.
Thus, various small molecules have been reported which inhibit tyrosine kinases to block
the growth and division of cancer cells. Here, more than 30 highly potent inhibitors of tyrosine
kinases are summarised, which consist of pyrimidine, pyrazole, triazine, quinazoline,
quinoline, pyrazine, chromene, etc. rings as a basic skeleton with different substituents.
Conclusion: Inhibition of tyrosine kinases by different small molecules is an approved
strategy for the development of novel anticancer agents. Several published reports have
mentioned the characteristics of the different binding sites and crucial residues in tyrosine
kinases for the design of novel molecular inhibitors. However, selectivity is an important
criterion for the development of chemotherapeutic agents due to the existence of
approximately 30 families of tyrosine kinases.
