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Current Pediatric Reviews

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-3963
ISSN (Online): 1875-6336

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Commentary

Pediatric COVID-19 Acute Encephalopathy and Mortality

Author(s): Kam Lun Hon*, Yok Weng Tan, Karen K.Y. Leung, Wing Lum Cheung, Wun Fung Hui, Fung Shan Chung and Alcy R. Torres

Volume 20, Issue 2, 2024

Published on: 13 October, 2022

Page: [107 - 110] Pages: 4

DOI: 10.2174/1573396318666220617161606

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[1]
Leung KKY, Chu SPW, Hon KL, Leung TF. Indirect consequences of COVID-19 on children’s health. Hong Kong Med J 2021; 27(2): 160.
[PMID: 33843610]
[2]
Wilson SL, Wiysonge C. Social media and vaccine hesitancy. BMJ Glob Health 2020; 5(10): e004206.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004206] [PMID: 33097547]
[3]
Hon KL, Leung KKY, Tang JW, Leung AKC, Li Y. COVID-19 in Hong Kong - Public health, food safety, and animal vectors perspectives. J Virol Methods 2021; 290: 114036.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.114036] [PMID: 33285191]
[4]
Hon KL, Leung KKY. From influenza to COVID-19 vaccinations: Counselling anxious parents about deaths following influenza immunizations in Korea. Pediatr Pulmonol 2021; 56(6): 1779-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppul.25260] [PMID: 33765351]
[5]
Nikolopoulou GB, Maltezou HC. COVID-19 in children: Where do we stand? Arch Med Res 2022; 53(1): 1-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.07.002] [PMID: 34311990]
[6]
Funk AL, Florin TA, Kuppermann N, et al. Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2-Positive youths tested in emergency departments: The global PERN-COVID-19 study. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5(1): e2142322.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.42322] [PMID: 35015063]
[7]
Kim L, Whitaker M, O’Halloran A, et al. Hospitalization rates and characteristics of children aged <18 years hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1-July 25, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020; 69(32): 1081-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6932e3] [PMID: 32790664]
[8]
Kompaniyets L, Agathis NT, Nelson JM, Preston LE, Ko JY, Belay B. Underlying medical conditions associated with severe COVID-19 Illness among children. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4(6): e2111182.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11182] [PMID: 34097050]
[9]
Preston LE, Chevinsky JR, Kompaniyets L, et al. Characteristics and disease severity of us children and adolescents diagnosed with COVID-19. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4(4): e215298.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.5298] [PMID: 33835179]
[10]
Havers FP, Whitaker M, Self JL, et al. Hospitalization of adolescents aged 12-17 years with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1, 2020-April 24, 2021. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021; 70(23): 851-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7023e1] [PMID: 34111061]
[11]
Zachariah P, Johnson CL, Halabi KC, et al. Epidemiology, clinical features, and disease severity in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a Children’s Hospital in New York City, New York. JAMA Pediatr 2020; 174(10): e202430.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.2430] [PMID: 32492092]
[12]
Centre for Health Protection of the Department of Health and the Hospital Authority. Statistics on 5th Wave of COVID-19. 2022.
[13]
Yuki K, Fujiogi M, Koutsogiannaki S. COVID-19 pathophysiology: A review. Clin Immunol 2020; 215: 108427.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2020.108427] [PMID: 32325252]
[14]
Kim MG, Stein AA, Overby P, et al. Fatal cerebral edema in a child with COVID-19. Pediatr Neurol 2021; 114: 77-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.10.005] [PMID: 33246133]
[15]
Ninan S, Thompson P, Gershon T, et al. Fatal pediatric COVID-19 case with seizures and fulminant cerebral edema. Child Neurol Open 2021; 2: 2329048X211022532.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329048X211022532] [PMID: 34179214]
[16]
Hon KL, Tsang YC, Chan LC, et al. Outcome of encephalitis in pediatric intensive care unit. Indian J Pediatr 2016; 83(10): 1098-103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12098-016-2068-4] [PMID: 27053179]
[17]
Au CC, Hon KL, Leung AKC, Torres AR. Childhood infectious encephalitis: An overview of clinical features, investigations, treatment, and recent patents. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov 2020; 14(2): 156-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872213X14999201124195724] [PMID: 33238854]
[18]
Leung KKY, Hon KL. Paediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome and COVID-19: Another novel syndrome? Hong Kong Med J 2021; 27(2): 161-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12809/hkmj208681] [PMID: 33843609]
[19]
Flood J, Shingleton J, Bennett E, Walker B, Amin-Chowdhury Z, Oligbu G. Paediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS): Prospective, national surveillance, United Kingdom and Ireland, 2020. Lancet Reg Health Eur 2020; 3: 100075.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100075] [PMID: 34027512]
[20]
Hui WF, Leung KKY, Au CC, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of acute childhood encephalopathy in a tertiary pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Emerg Care 2022; 38(3): 115-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000002571] [PMID: 35226619]
[21]
Thomson H. Covid-19 vaccines for kids. New Sci 2021; 250(3329): 8-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(21)00582-0] [PMID: 33867618]
[22]
Moghadas SM, Fitzpatrick MC, Shoukat A, Zhang K, Galvani AP. Simulated identification of silent COVID-19 infections among children and estimated future infection rates with vaccination. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4(4): e217097.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.7097] [PMID: 33890990]
[23]
Callaway E. COVID vaccines and kids: Five questions as trials begin. Nature 2021; 592(7856): 670-1.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01061-4] [PMID: 33883716]
[24]
Hammond J, Leister-Tebbe H, Gardner A, et al. Oral nirmatrelvir for high-risk, nonhospitalized adults with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2022; 386(15): 1397-408.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2118542] [PMID: 35172054]
[25]
Jayk Bernal A, Gomes da Silva MM, Musungaie DB, et al. Molnupiravir for oral treatment of Covid-19 in nonhospitalized patients. N Engl J Med 2022; 386(6): 509-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2116044] [PMID: 34914868]
[26]
Pfizer. Pfizer Initiates Phase 2/3 Study of Novel COVID-19 Oral Treatment in Pediatric Participants. 2022.
[27]
Hon KL, Leung KKY. Elimination, containment, and mitigation of COVID-19: A personal story about international travels. Curr Pediatr Rev 2022; Aug 23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573396318666220823152942]
[28]
Hon KL, Leung KKY. COVID-19 tests and international travel: How long will you test positive for SAR-CoV-2. Curr Respir Med Rev 2022. (In press).

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