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Current Neuropharmacology

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1570-159X
ISSN (Online): 1875-6190

Review Article

Crosstalk between Microglia and Neurons in Neurotrauma: An Overview of the Underlying Mechanisms

Author(s): Muhammad Ali Haidar, Stanley Ibeh, Zaynab Shakkour, Mohammad Amine Reslan, Judith Nwaiwu, Yomna Adel Moqidem, Georgio Sader, Rachel G. Nickles, Ismail Babale, Aneese A. Jaffa, Mohamed Salama, Abdullah Shaito* and Firas Kobeissy*

Volume 20, Issue 11, 2022

Published on: 19 April, 2022

Page: [2050 - 2065] Pages: 16

DOI: 10.2174/1570159X19666211202123322

Price: $65

Abstract

Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain and play a crucial role in housekeeping and maintaining homeostasis of the brain microenvironment. Upon injury or disease, microglial cells become activated, at least partly, via signals initiated by injured neurons. Activated microglia, thereby, contribute to both neuroprotection and neuroinflammation. However, sustained microglial activation initiates a chronic neuroinflammatory response which can disturb neuronal health and disrupt communications between neurons and microglia. Thus, microglia-neuron crosstalk is critical in a healthy brain as well as during states of injury or disease. As most studies focus on how neurons and microglia act in isolation during neurotrauma, there is a need to understand the interplay between these cells in brain pathophysiology. This review highlights how neurons and microglia reciprocally communicate under physiological conditions and during brain injury and disease. Furthermore, the modes of microglia-neuron communication are exposed, focusing on cell-contact dependent signaling and communication by the secretion of soluble factors like cytokines and growth factors. In addition, it has been discussed that how microglia-neuron interactions could exert either beneficial neurotrophic effects or pathologic proinflammatory responses. We further explore how aberrations in microglia-neuron crosstalk may be involved in central nervous system (CNS) anomalies, namely traumatic brain injury (TBI), neurodegeneration, and ischemic stroke. A clear understanding of how the microglia-neuron crosstalk contributes to the pathogenesis of brain pathologies may offer novel therapeutic avenues of brain trauma treatment.

Keywords: CNS Injury, microglia-neuron interaction, cellular crosstalk, neuroinflammation, microglial activation, microglia phenotypes.

Graphical Abstract
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