Generic placeholder image

Recent Advances in Anti-Infective Drug Discovery

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2772-4344
ISSN (Online): 2772-4352

Review Article

Herbal Therapy for the Management of Seborrheic Dermatitis: A Narrative Review

Author(s): Azin Ayatollahi, Alireza Firooz, Ensieh Lotfali, Faraz Mojab and Mahsa Fattahi*

Volume 16, Issue 3, 2021

Page: [209 - 226] Pages: 18

DOI: 10.2174/2772434416666211029113213

Price: $65

Open Access Journals Promotions 2
Abstract

Introduction: Dandruff and Seborrheic Dermatitis (SD) are similar skin conditions with different degrees ofseverity. Since the current therapies cannot remove dandruff efficiently, herbal extracts with better effectiveness and fewer side effects are used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Due to the adverse effects of chemical drugs, the use of natural products and traditional medicine has significantly increased over the past few decades. Therefore, in this review, we reported the herbs used as anti-dandruff agents in traditional medicine worldwide.

Methods: The review was conducted on the literature available on the medicinal utility of certain plants as anti-dandruff agents using PubMed and Google Scholar and the following search terms: Dandruff and plants or medicinal plant and dandruff treatment, and essential oil and dandruff.

Results: Since the current therapies cannotefficiently remove dandruff, herbal extracts with better effectiveness and fewer side effects are used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Nowadays, there are numerous different types of herbal antidandruff shampoos. They are effective and safe without the side effects of chemical agents. Recently, herbal medicine has attracted a great deal of scientific attention. Clinical evidence on the therapeutic effects of herbal products has resulted in the study of far more herbs for their therapeutic roles.

Conclusion: Herbal therapy plays a significant role in the development of favorable therapeutics, either alone or in combination with conventional antibiotics. However, the major challenges in this regard include finding compounds with satisfactorily lower MICs, low toxicity, and high bioavailability for effective and safe use in humans and animals.

Keywords: Malassezia species, herbal medicine, seborrheic dermatitis, dandruff, anti-dandruff, dermatology disorder.

Graphical Abstract
[1]
Gupta AK, Sauder DN, Shear NH. Antifungal agents: An overview. Part II. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994; 30(6): 911-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(94)70112-1] [PMID: 7619094]
[2]
Gupta AK, Bluhm R. Seborrheic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2004; 18(1): 13-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2004.00693.x] [PMID: 14678527]
[3]
Prabhamanju M, Shankar SG, Babu K. Herbal vs. chemical actives as antidandruff ingredients-which are more effective in the management of dandruff?–an overview. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 2009; 2009(11): 5.
[4]
Williams H, Bigby M, Diepgen T, Herxheimer A, Naldi L, Rzany B, Eds. Evidence-based dermatology. NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons 2009.
[5]
Rippon JW. Medical mycology; the pathogenic fungi and the pathogenic actinomycetes. Eastbourne, UK: WB Saunders Company 1982.
[6]
Nematian J, Ravaghi M, Gholamrezanezhad A, Nematian E. Increased hair shedding may be associated with the presence of Pityrosporum ovale. Am J Clin Dermatol 2006; 7(4): 263-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200607040-00008] [PMID: 16901187]
[7]
Noorbakhsh F, Lotfali E, Ghajari A, Ansari S, Mohammadi R, Arab-Mazar Z. The effect of Chenopodium album and Apium nodiflorum on the expression of the regulatory gene (aflR) that produces aflatoxin in Aspergillus parasiticus. Herbal Med J 2017; 2(2): 60-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22087/hmj.v0i0.612]
[8]
Toreyhi H, Lotfali E, Fattahi A, Rezaee Y, Ghasemi R, Salimi-Sabour E. A review on anti dermatophytosis potential of medicinal plants: in-vitro, in-vivo and important components. Novelty Biomed 2021; 9(2): 71-100.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22037/nbm.vi.31939]
[9]
Voravuthikunchai SP, Sririrak T, Limsuwan S, Supawita T, Iida T, Honda T. Inhibitory effects of active compounds from Punica granatum pericarp on verocytotoxin production by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157: H7. J Health Sci 2005; 51(5): 590-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/jhs.51.590]
[10]
Vasconcelos LC, Sampaio MCC, Sampaio FC, Higino JS. Use of Punica granatum as an antifungal agent against candidosis associated with denture stomatitis. Mycoses 2003; 46(5-6): 192-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0507.2003.00884.x] [PMID: 12801361]
[11]
Wyk B, Wink M. An illustrated scientific guide to important medicinal plants and their uses in medicinal plants of the world. Singapore: Tien Wah Press 2004.
[12]
AlShuwayeb MH, Al-Khatib AJ. Molecular and chemical therapeutic features of Urtica species. Eur Sci J 2013; 9(24): 1.
[13]
Dorman HD, Koşar M, Başer KHC, Hiltunen R. Phenolic profile and antioxidant evaluation of Mentha x piperita L.(peppermint) extracts. Nat Prod Commun 2009; 4(4): 1934578X0900400419.
[14]
Krzyzanowska J, Janda B, Pecio L, et al. Determination of polyphenols in Mentha longifolia and M. piperita field-grown and in vitro plant samples using UPLC-TQ-MS. J AOAC Int 2011; 94(1): 43-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/94.1.43] [PMID: 21391480]
[15]
Farhadi M, Lotfali E, Farhadi SF, Jolehar M. Evaluation of antifungal effects of aqueous extract of Mentha longifolia using 0.2% chlorhexidine on clinical isolates of Candida albicans from oral cavity of patients with leukemia. Resen Med 2020; 44(3): 436-41.
[16]
Carson CF, Mee BJ, Riley TV. Mechanism of action of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil on Staphylococcus aureus determined by time-kill, lysis, leakage, and salt tolerance assays and electron microscopy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46(6): 1914-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.46.6.1914-1920.2002] [PMID: 12019108]
[17]
Brun P, Bernabè G, Filippini R, Piovan A. In vitro antimicrobial activities of commercially available tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) essential oils. Curr Microbiol 2019; 76(1): 108-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00284-018-1594-x] [PMID: 30421144]
[18]
Halteh P, Scher RK, Lipner SR. Over-the-counter and natural remedies for onychomycosis: do they really work? Cutis 2016; 98(5): E16-25.
[PMID: 28040821]
[19]
Koh KJ, Pearce AL, Marshman G, Finlay-Jones JJ, Hart PH. Tea tree oil reduces histamine-induced skin inflammation. Br J Dermatol 2002; 147(6): 1212-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.05034.x] [PMID: 12452873]
[20]
Carson CF, Riley TV. Antimicrobial activity of the major components of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia. J Appl Bacteriol 1995; 78(3): 264-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1995.tb05025.x] [PMID: 7730203]
[21]
Brand C, Townley SL, Finlay-Jones JJ, Hart PH. Tea tree oil reduces histamine-induced oedema in murine ears. Inflamm Res 2002; 51(6): 283-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00000305] [PMID: 12088268]
[22]
ALHAJJ NQM, Ma C, Thabit R, Gasmalla MA, Musa A, Aboshora W. Chemical composition of essential oil and mineral contents of Pulicaria inuloides. J Acad Indust Res 2014; 2(12): 675-8.
[23]
Gupta AK, Nicol K, Batra R. Role of antifungal agents in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis. Am J Clin Dermatol 2004; 5(6): 417-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200405060-00006] [PMID: 15663338]
[24]
Waldroup W, Scheinfeld N. Medicated shampoos for the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis. J Drugs Dermatol 2008; 7(7): 699-703.
[PMID: 18664167]
[25]
Nenoff P, Haustein U-F, Brandt W. Antifungal activity of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) against pathogenic fungi in vitro. Skin Pharmacol 1996; 9(6): 388-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000211450] [PMID: 9055360]
[26]
Satchell AC, Saurajen A, Bell C, Barnetson RS. Treatment of dandruff with 5% tea tree oil shampoo. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 47(6): 852-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2002.122734] [PMID: 12451368]
[27]
Sanfilippo A, English J. An overview of medicated shampoos used in dandruff treatment. P&T 2006; 31(7): 396.
[28]
Patramurti C, Amin R, Nastiti CM, Hariono M. A review on the potency of Melaleuca leucadendron leaves solid waste in wood preservation and its in silico prediction upon biological activities. Int J Forest Res 2020; 2020: 8885259.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8885259]
[29]
Garg S. Essential oils as therapeutics. 2005. Available from: http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/8050
[30]
Gupta V. The wealth of India: first supplemented series (Raw materials).New Delhi: Council of Scientific New Delhi: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. Pusa 2001; 2: pp. 259-60.
[31]
Surh J, Yun J-M. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of butanol extract of Melaleuca leucadendron L. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2012; 17(1): 22-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2012.17.1.022] [PMID: 24471059]
[32]
Mashelkar R. Wealth of India, first supplement series (raw materials). New Delhi: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research 2008. Available from: http://www.niscair.res.in/includes/images/wealthofindia/wealth-of-indiaFolder2010.pdf
[33]
Jain A, Sharma R, Kumar A, Sharma S. Jasminum species: An overview. International Journal of Institutional Pharmacy and Life Sciences 2011; 1(1): 251-66.
[34]
Santhanam J, Abd Ghani FN, Basri DF. Antifungal activity of Jasminum sambac against Malassezia sp. and non-Malassezia sp. isolated from human skin samples. J Mycol 2014; 2014: 359630.
[35]
Shambaugh D. China’s future. John Wiley & Sons 2016.
[36]
Anima P, Arun M, Satish S. Scientific validation of wound healing potential of Jasminum sambac Ait. S Afr J Bot 2019; 121: 584-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.11.018]
[37]
Mittal A, Sardana S, Pandey A. Ethnobotanical, phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2011; 11(11): 1-7.
[38]
Balkrishna A, Rohela A, Kumar A, et al. Mechanistic insight into antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of Jasminum species: A herbal approach for disease management. Plants 2021; 10(6): 1089.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10061089] [PMID: 34071621]
[39]
Xu J, Saunders CW, Hu P, et al. Dandruff-associated Malassezia genomes reveal convergent and divergent virulence traits shared with plant and human fungal pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104(47): 18730-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706756104] [PMID: 18000048]
[40]
Joy P, Raja DP. Anti-bacterial activity studies of Jasminum grandiflorum and Jasminum sambac. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 2008; 2008(1): 59.
[41]
Strong FM. Toxicants occurring naturally in foods. Nutr Rev 1974; 32(8): 225-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1974.tb06323.x] [PMID: 4136173]
[42]
Lawrence BM, Mookherjee BD, Willis BJ. Flavors and fragrances: A world perspective. In: Developments in Food Science. Netherlands: Elsevier 1988; p. 18.
[43]
Potluri A, Shaheda S, Rallapally N, Durrivel S, Harish G. A review on herbs used in anti-dandruff shampoo and its evaluation parameters. Res J Top Cosmet Sci 2013; 4(1): 5-13.
[44]
Hernández MD, Sotomayor JA, Hernández Á, Jordán MJ. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) oils. In: Preedy VR, Ed. Essential oils in food preservation, flavor and safety. Netherlands: Elsevier 2016; pp. 677-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416641-7.00077-8]
[45]
Evans WC. Trease and evans' pharmacognosy E-book. Elsevier Health Sciences 2009.
[46]
Di Liberto MG, Svetaz LA, Castelli MV, Rai M, Derita MG. Role of essential oils for the cure of human pathogenic fungal infections. In: Rai M, Zacchino S, Derita M, Eds. Essential oils and nanotechnology for treatment of microbial diseases. USA: CRC Press 2017; pp. 127-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315209241-5]
[47]
Huang L, Gu Y, Li H. Advances in herbal volatile oil and aromatic herbs. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 2009; 34(12): 1605-11.
[PMID: 19777853]
[48]
Ait-Ouazzou A, Lorán S, Bakkali M, et al. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Thymus algeriensis, Eucalyptus globulus and Rosmarinus officinalis from Morocco. J Sci Food Agric 2011; 91(14): 2643-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4505] [PMID: 21769875]
[49]
Juhás Š, Bukovská A, Čikoš Š, Czikková S, Fabian D, Koppel J. Anti-inflammatory effects of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil in mice. Acta Vet Brno 2009; 78(1): 121-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200978010121]
[50]
Parr C. Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases.
[51]
McGimpsey J, Porter N. Lavender: A growers’ guide for commercial production: publications section. New Zealand Institute for Crop & Food Research Limited 1999.
[52]
Lee M-Y, Na E-Y, Yun S-J, Lee S-C, Won Y-H, Lee J-B. In vitro study and clinical trial of natural essential oils and extract against Malassezia species. J Mycol Infect 2018; 23(4): 91-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17966/jmi.2018.23.4.91]
[53]
Upadhyay A, Upadhyaya I, Kollanoor-Johny A, Venkitanarayanan K. Combating pathogenic microorganisms using plant-derived antimicrobials: A minireview of the mechanistic basis. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014: 761741.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/761741]
[54]
Lis‐Balchin M, Deans SG, Eaglesham E. Relationship between bioactivity and chemical composition of commercial essential oils. Flavour Fragrance J 1998; 13(2): 98-104.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(199803/04)13:2<98::AID-FFJ705>3.0.CO;2-B]
[55]
Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts. J Appl Microbiol 1999; 86(6): 985-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00780.x] [PMID: 10438227]
[56]
Pattnaik S, Subramanyam VR, Bapaji M, Kole CR. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of aromatic constituents of essential oils. Microbios 1997; 89(358): 39-46.
[PMID: 9218354]
[57]
Váczi P, Čonková E, Marcinčáková D, Sihelská Z. Effectiveness of essential oils on Malassezia pachydermatis. Folia Vet 2015; 59(1): 12-7.
[58]
Pistelli L, Mancianti F, Bertoli A, Luigi Cioni P, Leonardi M, Pisseri F. Antimycotic activity of some aromatic plants essential oils against canine isolates of Malassezia pachydermatis: An in vitro assay. Open Mycol J 2012; 6(1)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874437001206010017]
[59]
Ashtiani HA, Rastegar H, Aghaei M, Ehsani A, Barikbin B, Salout MH. Clinical efficacy of natural formulated shampoo in subjects with dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. Am J Res Commun 2013; 1(8): 63-80.
[60]
Badiee P, Nasirzadeh AR, Motaffaf M. Comparison of Salvia officinalis L. essential oil and antifungal agents against Candida species. J Pharm Technol Drug Res 2012; 1(7)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7243/2050-120X-1-7]
[61]
Clifford MN. Chlorogenic acids and other cinnamates–nature, occurrence and dietary burden. J Sci Food Agric 1999; 79(3): 362-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(19990301)79:3<362::AID-JSFA256>3.0.CO;2-D]
[62]
Delamare APL, Moschen-Pistorello IT, Artico L, Atti-Serafini L, Echeverrigaray S. Antibacterial activity of the essential oils of Salvia officinalis L. and Salvia triloba L. cultivated in South Brazil. Food Chem 2007; 100(2): 603-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.09.078]
[63]
Rakover Y, Ben-Arye E, Goldstein LH. The treatment of respiratory ailments with essential oils of some aromatic medicinal plants. Harefuah 2008; 147(10): 783-788, 838.
[PMID: 19039907]
[64]
Zupkó I, Hohmann J, Rédei D, Falkay G, Janicsák G, Máthé I. Antioxidant activity of leaves of Salvia species in enzyme-dependent and enzyme-independent systems of lipid peroxidation and their phenolic constituents. Planta Med 2001; 67(4): 366-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-14327] [PMID: 11458459]
[65]
Kim HP, Son KH, Chang HW, Kang SS. Anti-inflammatory plant flavonoids and cellular action mechanisms. J Pharmacol Sci 2004; 96(3): 229-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1254/jphs.CRJ04003X] [PMID: 15539763]
[66]
Lemos JdeA, Passos XS, Fernandes OdeF, et al. Antifungal activity from Ocimum gratissimum L. towards Cryptococcus neoformans. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2005; 100(1): 55-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762005000100011] [PMID: 15867965]
[67]
Gupta V, Mittal P, Bansal P, Khokra SL, Kaushik D. Pharmacological potential of Matricaria recutita-A review. Int J Pharm Sci Drug Res 2010; 2(1): 12-6.
[68]
Bansod S, Rai M. Antifungal activity of essential oils from Indian medicinal plants against human pathogenic Aspergillus fumigatus and A. niger. World J Med Sci 2008; 3(2): 81-8.
[69]
Pino J, Marbot R, Agiiero J, Fuentes V. Essential oil of chamomile Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rausch. from Cuba. J Essent Oil-Bear Plants 2000; 3(1): 1-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2005.10643411]
[70]
Van Wyk B-E, Wink M. Medicinal plants of the world. CABI 2018.
[71]
Dauqan EM, Abdullah A. Medicinal and functional values of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) herb. Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology 2017; 5(02): 017-22.
[72]
Richardson P. The chemistry of the Labiatae: An introduction and overview. Advances in labiate science 1992; 291: 297.
[73]
Lee J-H, Lee J-S. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of plant essential oils against Malassezia furfur. Microbiol Biotechnol Lett 2010; 38(3): 315-21.
[74]
Pina-Vaz C, Gonçalves Rodrigues A, Pinto E, et al. Antifungal activity of Thymus oils and their major compounds. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2004; 18(1): 73-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2004.00886.x] [PMID: 14678536]
[75]
Tanaka M, Misawa E, Ito Y, et al. Identification of five phytosterols from Aloe vera gel as anti-diabetic compounds. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29(7): 1418-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.29.1418] [PMID: 16819181]
[76]
Bergbrant IM, Johansson S, Robbins D, Scheynius A, Faergemann J, Söderström T. An immunological study in patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1991; 16(5): 331-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.1991.tb00395.x] [PMID: 1838969]
[77]
Ashbee HR, Ingham E, Holland KT, Cunliffe WJ. Cell-mediated immune responses to Malassezia furfur serovars A, B and C in patients with pityriasis versicolor, seborrheic dermatitis and controls. Exp Dermatol 1994; 3(3): 106-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.1994.tb00267.x] [PMID: 7952921]
[78]
Shelkovitz-Shilo I, Kaplan B, Yorav S. Aloe vera-the real truth. Harefuah 1990; 118(4): 228-9.
[PMID: 2189803]
[79]
Shelton RM. Aloe vera. Its chemical and therapeutic properties. Int J Dermatol 1991; 30(10): 679-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4362.1991.tb02607.x] [PMID: 1823544]
[80]
Strickland FM, Pelley RP, Kripke ML. Prevention of ultraviolet radiation-induced suppression of contact and delayed hypersensitivity by Aloe barbadensis gel extract. J Invest Dermatol 1994; 102(2): 197-204.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12371762] [PMID: 7906286]
[81]
Byeon SW, Pelley RP, Ullrich SE, Waller TA, Bucana CD, Strickland FM. Aloe barbadensis extracts reduce the production of interleukin-10 after exposure to ultraviolet radiation. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 110(5): 811-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00181.x] [PMID: 9579551]
[82]
Vijayakumar R, Muthukumar C, Kumar T, Saravanamuthu R. Characterization of Malassezia furfur and its control by using plant extracts. Indian J Dermatol 2006; 51(2): 145.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.26942]
[83]
Vardy D, Cohen A, Tchetov T, Medvedovsky E, Biton A. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of an Aloe vera (A. barbadensis) emulsion in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis. J Dermatolog Treat 1999; 10(1): 7-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09546639909055904]
[84]
Curnow A, Owen SJ. An evaluation of root phytochemicals derived from Althea officinalis (Marshmallow) and Astragalus membranaceus as potential natural components of UV protecting dermatological formulations. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016; 2016: 7053897.
[85]
Strzelecka H, Kowalski J. Encyclopedia of herbalism and phytotherapy. Warsaw: PWN 2000; p. 42.
[86]
Bilia AR, Frater-Schröder M, Krenn L, Steinhoff B. ESCOP’s role in defining a scientific foundation for herbal medicinal products. Phytomedicine 2010; 18(1): 88-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2010.10.007] [PMID: 21093235]
[87]
Raiciu AD, Popescu M, Manea S, Dima SO. Antioxidant activity and phyto-therapeutic properties of gemmo-derivatives obtained from Rosmarinus officinalis, Vaccinium myrtillus, Salix Alba, Ribes nigrum and Betula pubescens. Revista de chimie 2016; 67(10): 85-92.
[88]
Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckmann J. Herbal medicine. Expanded commission E monographs. USA: Integrative Medicine Communications 2000.
[89]
Warner RR, Schwartz JR, Boissy Y, Dawson TL Jr. Dandruff has an altered stratum corneum ultrastructure that is improved with zinc pyrithione shampoo. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 45(6): 897-903.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2001.117849] [PMID: 11712036]
[90]
Feuerer T, Hawksworth DL. Biodiversity of lichens, including a world-wide analysis of checklist data based on Takhtajan’s floristic regions. Biodivers Conserv 2007; 16(1): 85-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-006-9142-6]
[91]
Periera EC, Nascimento SC, Lima RC, et al. Analysis of Usnea fasciata crude extracts with antineoplastic activity. Tokai J Exp Clin Med 1994; 19(1-2): 47-52.
[PMID: 7660383]
[92]
Pereira E. Antimicrobial activity of biologically active compounds from the lichen Cladonia crispatula. Boletin Ecotropica Ecosistemas Tropicales 1997; 31: 10-9.
[93]
Müller K. Pharmaceutically relevant metabolites from lichens. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2001; 56(1-2): 9-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530100684] [PMID: 11499952]
[94]
Randhir R, Lin Y-T, Shetty K. Stimulation of phenolics, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in dark germinated mung bean sprouts in response to peptide and phytochemical elicitors. Process Biochem 2004; 39(5): 637-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0032-9592(03)00197-3]
[95]
Vattem D, Lin Y-T, Labbe R, Shetty K. Phenolic antioxidant mobilization in cranberry pomace by solid-state bioprocessing using food grade fungus Lentinus edodes and effect on antimicrobial activity against select food borne pathogens. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 2004; 5(1): 81-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2003.09.002]
[96]
Pandey A, Mishra RK, Tiwari AK, Kumar A, Bajaj A, Dikshit A. Management of cosmetic embarrassment caused by Malassezia spp. with fruticose lichen cladia using phylogenetic approach. Biomed Res Int 2013; 2013: 169794.
[97]
Arun DN, Maninder DK. Screening of plant essential oils for antifungal activity against Malassezia furfur. Int J Pharma Pharmaceut Sci 2013; 5(2): 37-9.
[98]
Verma S. Chemical constituents and pharmacological action of Ocimum sanctum (Indian holy basil-Tulsi). J Phytopharmacol 2016; 5(5): 205-7.
[99]
Paschapur MS, Patil M, Kumar R, Patil SR. Evaluation of aqueous extract of leaves of Ocimum kilimandscharicum on wound healing activity in albino wistar rats. Int J Pharm Tech Res 2009; 1: 544-50.
[100]
Davidson P. Methods for testing the efficacy of food antimicrobials. Food Technol 1989; 43: 148-55.
[101]
Mourey A, Canillac N. Anti-Listeria monocytogenes activity of essential oils components of conifers. Food Control 2002; 13(4-5): 289-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0956-7135(02)00026-9]
[102]
Taur DJ, Waghmare MG, Bandal RS, Patil RY. Antinociceptive activity of Ricinus communis L. leaves. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2011; 1(2): 139-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(11)60012-9] [PMID: 23569744]
[103]
Carolina A, Herliyana E, Sulastri H. Antifungal activity of castor (Ricinus communis L.) leaves methanolic extract on Aspergillus niger. Int Food Res J 2019; 26(2): 595-8.
[104]
Saeed N, Khan MR, Shabbir M. Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of whole plant extracts Torilis leptophylla L. BMC Complement Altern Med 2012; 12(1): 221.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-12-221] [PMID: 23153304]
[105]
Scalbert A. Antimicrobial properties of tannins. Phytochemistry 1991; 30(12): 3875-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)83426-L]
[106]
Ran Y, Yoshiike T, Ogawa H. Lipase of Malassezia furfur: some properties and their relationship to cell growth. J Med Vet Mycol 1993; 31(1): 77-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02681219380000081] [PMID: 8483059]
[107]
Midgley G. The lipophilic yeasts: state of the art and prospects. Med Mycol 2000; 38(Suppl. 1): 9-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/mmy.38.s1.9.16] [PMID: 11204169]
[108]
Batra R, Boekhout T, Guého E, Cabañes FJ, Dawson TL Jr, Gupta AK. Malassezia Baillon, emerging clinical yeasts. FEMS Yeast Res 2005; 5(12): 1101-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsyr.2005.05.006] [PMID: 16084129]
[109]
Cushnie TP, Lamb AJ. Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005; 26(5): 343-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.09.002] [PMID: 16323269]
[110]
Sibi G, Kaur G, Devi G, Dhananjaya K, Ravikumar K, Mallesha H. Anti-dandruff activity of Ricinus communis L. leaf extract. Int J Curr Pharm Res 2012; 4(3): 74-6.
[111]
El-Rafie HM, Hamed MA-A. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized from aqueous leaves extracts of four Terminalia species. Adv Nat Sci: Nanosci Nanotechnol 2014; 5(3): 035008.
[112]
Malekzadeh F, Ehsanifar H, Shahamat M, Levin M, Colwell RR. Antibacterial activity of black myrobalan (Terminalia chebula Retz) against Helicobacter pylori. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001; 18(1): 85-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-8579(01)00352-1] [PMID: 11463533]
[113]
Sivasankar C, Gayathri S, Bhaskar JP, Krishnan V, Pandian SK. Evaluation of selected Indian medicinal plants for antagonistic potential against Malassezia spp. and the synergistic effect of embelin in combination with ketoconazole. Microb Pathog 2017; 110: 66-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.026] [PMID: 28645774]
[114]
Balakrishnan K, Narayanaswamy N, Mathews S, Gurung K. Evaluation of some medicinal plants for their dandruff control properties. Int J Pharma Bio Sci 2011; 2(4)
[115]
Elizabeth K. Antimicrobial activity of Allium sativum on some pathogenic bacteria. Indian J Microbiol 2001; 41(4): 321-3.
[116]
Rastogi RP, Mehrotra B. Compendium of Indian medicinal plants. India: Central Drug Research Institute 1990.
[117]
Sharma S, Upadhyay U, Upadhyay SU, Patel T, Trivedi P. Herbal armamentarium for the culprit dandruff. Int J Phytopharm Res 2013; 4(1): 23-8.
[118]
Niharika A, Aquicio JM, Anand A. Antifungal properties of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves extract to treat hair dandruff. E-ISRJ 2010; 2: 244-52.
[119]
Raju KS. Comparison of antifungal activity of plant extracts and shampoos against dandruff causing organism Malassezia species. Int J Adv Res Ideas Innov Technol ISSN 2019; 5(3): 1008-13.
[120]
Biswas K, Chattopadhyay I, Banerjee RK, Bandyopadhyay U. Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem (Azadirachta indica). Curr Sci 2002; 82(11): 1336-45.
[121]
Bhargava KP, Gupta MB, Gupta GP, Mitra CR. Anti-inflammatory activity of saponins and ot-her natural products. Indian J Med Res 1970; 58(6): 724-30.
[PMID: 5485844]
[122]
Pillai NR, Santhakumari G. Anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory actions of nimbidin. Planta Med 1981; 43(1): 59-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971474] [PMID: 7345443]
[123]
Asolkar L, Kakkar K, Chakre O. Glossary of Indian medicinal plants with active principles (part 1).New Delhi: National Institute of Science Communication And Information Resources (CSIR) 1992; pp. 230-1.
[124]
van der Nat JM, van der Sluis WG, ’t Hart LA, Van Dijk H, de Silva KT, Labadie RP. Activity-guided isolation and identification of Azadirachta indica bark extract constituents which specifically inhibit chemiluminescence production by activated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Planta Med 1991; 57(1): 65-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-960021] [PMID: 2062961]
[125]
Reuveni AFR, Putievsky E. Fungistatic activity of essential oils from Ocimum basilicum chemotypes. J Phytopathol 1984; 110(1): 20-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1984.tb00736.x]
[126]
Wannissorn B, Jarikasem S, Siriwangchai T, Thubthimthed S. Antibacterial properties of essential oils from Thai medicinal plants. Fitoterapia 2005; 76(2): 233-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2004.12.009] [PMID: 15752638]
[127]
Aiemsaard J, Punareewattana K. Antifungal activities of essential oils of Syzygium aromaticum, Piper betle, and Ocimum sanctum against clinical isolates of canine dermatophytes. Sci Asia 2017; 43(5): 223-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2017.43.223]
[128]
Pelczar M, Chan E, Krieg N. Control of microorganisms, the control of microorganisms by physical agents. Microbiology 1988; 469: 509.
[129]
Miller AL. Antioxidant flavonoids: structure, function and clinical usage. Altern Med Rev 1996; 1(2): 103-11.
[130]
Khan BA, Akhtar N, Anwar M, Mahmood T, Khan H, Hussain I. Botanical description of coleus forskohlii: A review. J Med Plants Res 2012; 6(34): 4832-5.
[131]
Park SU, Uddin R, Xu H, Kim YK, Lee SY. Biotechnological applications for rosmarinic acid production in plant. Afr J Biotechnol 2008; 7(25)
[132]
Litvinenko VI, Popova TP, Simonjan AV, Zoz IG, Sokolov VS. “Gerbstoffe” Und Oxyzimtsäureabkömmlinge in Labiaten. Planta Med 1975; 27(4): 372-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1097817] [PMID: 1161906]
[133]
Usia T, Watabe T, Kadota S, Tezuka Y. Metabolite-cytochrome P450 complex formation by methylenedioxyphenyl lignans of Piper cubeba: mechanism-based inhibition. Life Sci 2005; 76(20): 2381-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2004.12.005] [PMID: 15748631]
[134]
Luger P, Weber M, Dung N, Luu V, Rang D, Tuong D. The Crystal Structure of 3‐(4′‐Methoxyphenyl) propanoyl pyrrole of Piper lolot C. DC from Vietnam. Crystal Research and Technology. J Exp Ind Crystall 2002; 37(6): 627-33.
[135]
Lin L-C, Shen C-C, Shen Y-C, Tsai T-H. Anti-inflammatory neolignans from Piper kadsura. J Nat Prod 2006; 69(5): 842-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np0505521] [PMID: 16724856]
[136]
Junqueira APF, Perazzo FF, Souza GHB, Maistro EL. Clastogenicity of Piper cubeba (Piperaceae) seed extract in an in vivo mammalian cell system. Genet Mol Biol 2007; 30: 656-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47572007000400025]
[137]
Sharma J, Gairola S, Sharma YP, Gaur RD. Ethnomedicinal plants used to treat skin diseases by Tharu community of district Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand, India. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 158(Pt A): 140-206.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.10.004] [PMID: 25448505]
[138]
Ali I, Khan FG, Suri KA, et al. In vitro antifungal activity of hydroxychavicol isolated from Piper betle L. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2010; 9(1): 7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-0711-9-7] [PMID: 20128889]
[139]
Choi P, Pea B. Origins and distribution.
[140]
Deviha M, Pavithram K. Antifungal activity by ethanolic extracts of medicinal plants against Malasseziafurfur: A potential application in the treatment of dandruff. Int J Pharm Tech Res 2015; 8(3): 440-4.
[141]
Dey T. Bangladesher Proyojonio Gachgacgra. (In Bangla). Useful plants of Bangladesh. Comilla, Bangladesh: Shetu Tuni Book House 1995; p. 387.
[142]
Dikshit A, Tiwari AK, Mishra RK, Kamran A, Pandey A, Kumar A. Botanicals for the management of dandruff. Medicinal Plants-Int J Phytomed Related Ind 2012; 4(2): 55-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.0975-4261.4.2.009]
[143]
Raja PB, Sethuraman MG. Studies on the inhibitive effect of Datura stramonium extract on the acid corrosion of mild steel. Surf Rev Lett 2007; 14(06): 1157-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0218625X07010743]
[144]
Okwu DE, Igara EC. Isolation, characterization and antibacterial activity of alkaloid from Datura metel Linn leaves. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 2009; 3(5): 277-81.
[145]
Das S, Kumar P, Basu S. Phytoconstituents and therapeutic potentials of Datura stramonium Linn. J Drug Deliv Ther 2012; 2(3)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v2i3.141]
[146]
Guarrera PM. Traditional antihelmintic, antiparasitic and repellent uses of plants in Central Italy. J Ethnopharmacol 1999; 68(1-3): 183-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00089-6] [PMID: 10624877]
[147]
Franke AA, Custer LJ, Arakaki C, Murphy SP. Vitamin C and flavonoid levels of fruits and vegetables consumed in Hawaii. J Food Compos Anal 2004; 17(1): 1-35.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0889-1575(03)00066-8]
[148]
Godoy H, Rodriguez-Amaya D. Carotenoid composition of commercial mangoes from Brazil. Lebensm Wiss Technol 1989; 22(3): 100-3.
[149]
Berardini N, Carle R, Schieber A. Characterization of gallotannins and benzophenone derivatives from mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. ‘Tommy Atkins’) peels, pulp and kernels by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2004; 18(19): 2208-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1611] [PMID: 15384138]
[150]
Singleton V, Kratzer F. Plant phenolics. Toxicants occurring naturally in foods 1973; 309-45.
[151]
Singh A, Vyas B. Night Jasmine (Nyctanthes arbortristis). Res J Pharmacog Phytochem 2018; 10(4): 324-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0975-4385.2018.00052.3]
[152]
Puri A, Saxena R, Saxena RP, Saxena KC, Srivastava V, Tandon JS. Immunostimulant activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. J Ethnopharmacol 1994; 42(1): 31-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(94)90020-5] [PMID: 8046941]
[153]
Kirk RE, Othmer DF. Encyclopedia of chemical technology. 1947.
[154]
Akroum S. Antifungal activity of Camellia sinensis crude extracts against four species of Candida and Microsporum persicolor. J Mycol Med 2018; 28(3): 424-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mycmed.2018.06.003] [PMID: 29960870]
[155]
Jabeen A, Khan MA, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Ahmad F. Indigenous uses of economically important flora of Margallah hills national park, Islamabad, Pakistan. Afr J Biotechnol 2009; 8(5): 763-84.
[156]
Dharmasiri MG, Jayakody JR, Galhena G, Liyanage SS, Ratnasooriya WD. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of mature fresh leaves of Vitex negundo. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 87(2-3): 199-206.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00159-4] [PMID: 12860308]
[157]
Ragasa CY, Morales E, Rideout JA. Antimicrobial compounds from Vitex negundo. Philippine J Sci 1999; 128(1): 21-9.
[158]
Khokra SL, Prakash O, Jain S, Aneja KR, Dhingra Y. Essential oil composition and antibacterial studies of Vitex negundo Linn. extracts. Indian J Pharm Sci 2008; 70(4): 522-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.44610] [PMID: 20046787]
[159]
Chaijan MR, Handjani F, Zarshenas M, Rahimabadi MS, Tavakkoli A. The Myrtus communis L. solution versus ketoconazole shampoo in treatment of dandruff: A double blinded randomized clinical trial. J Pak Med Assoc 2018; 68(5): 715-20.
[PMID: 29885168]
[160]
Barwick M, Schans Avd. Tropical & subtropical trees. USA: Timber Press 2004.
[161]
Bertani S, Houël E, Stien D, et al. Simalikalactone D is responsible for the antimalarial properties of an Amazonian traditional remedy made with Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae). J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 108(1): 155-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.04.017] [PMID: 16730421]
[162]
Diehl C, De Diehl SC. Topical and intravaginal microbicidal and antiparasitic compositions comprising quassinoids or quassinoid-containing plant extracts. Google Patents WO2005092329A1, 2013.
[163]
Phillips R, Rix M. The ultimate guide to roses: a comprehensive selection. USA: Pan Macmillan 2004.
[164]
Kim YR, Youn HJ, Kim MJ, Kim SY, Roh NK, Jung HJ. P071: New-formula shampoo for scalp seborrheic dermatitis containing extract of Rosa centifolia petals and epigallocatechin gallate. 2014; 66(2): 338.
[165]
Shabbir MK, Nadeem R, Mukhtar H, Anwar F, Mumtaz MW. Physico-chemical analysis and determination of various chemical constituents of essential oil in Rosa centifolia. Pak J Bot 2009; 41(2): 615-20.
[166]
Al-Waili NS. Therapeutic and prophylactic effects of crude honey on chronic seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff. Eur J Med Res 2001; 6(7): 306-8.
[PMID: 11485891]
[167]
Sahraie-Rad M, Izadyari A, Rakizadeh S, Sharifi-Rad J. Preparation of strong antidandruff shampoo using medicinal plant extracts: A clinical trial and chronic dandruff treatment. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2015; 10(4): e21517.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.17795/jjnpp-21517]
[168]
Bidhendi N, Ahmadi Ashtiani H, Ayatollahi A, Yadangi S, Ghorban Dadras O, Firooz A. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of a herbal extract lotion with clotrimazole 1% lotion in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis: A randomized clinical trial. J Dermatol Cosmet 2017; 7(4): 189-99.
[169]
Kim YR, Kim J-H, Shin H-J, Choe YB, Ahn KJ, Lee YW. Clinical evaluation of a new-formula shampoo for scalp seborrheic dermatitis containing extract of Rosa centifolia petals and epigallocatechin gallate: A randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Ann Dermatol 2014; 26(6): 733-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5021/ad.2014.26.6.733] [PMID: 25473226]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy