Title:Pituitary Dysfunction as a Cause of Cardiovascular Disease
Volume: 26
Issue: 43
Author(s): Apostolos I. Gogakos, Tasos Gogakos, Marina Kita and Zoe A. Efstathiadou*
Affiliation:
- Department of Endocrinology, “Hippokration” General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki,Greece
Keywords:
Pituitary, pituitary hormone excess, hypopituitarism, posterior pituitary, cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular disorders.
Abstract: The hypothalamic-pituitary axis is responsible for the neuroendocrine control of several organ systems.
The anterior pituitary directly affects the functions of the thyroid gland, the adrenal glands, and gonads,
and regulates growth and milk production. The posterior hypophysis, through nerve connections with the hypothalamic
nuclei, releases vasopressin and oxytocin responsible for water balance and social bonding, sexual
reproduction and childbirth, respectively. Pituitary gland hormonal excess or deficiency results in dysregulation
of metabolic pathways and mechanisms that are important for the homeostasis of the organism and are associated
with increased morbidity and mortality. Cardiovascular (CV) disorders are common in pituitary disease and
have a significant impact on survival. Hormonal imbalance is associated with CV complications either through
direct effects on the heart structure and function and vasculature or indirectly by altering the metabolic profile.
Optimal endocrine control can prevent or reverse CV defects and preserve survival and quality of life. In this review,
we discuss the effects of pituitary hormone excess and deficiency on the CV system. Specifically, we assess
the impact of Somatotroph, Corticotroph, Gonadotroph, and Lactotroph anterior pituitary axes on the CV
system. The effect of posterior pituitary function on the CV system is also explored.
