Corrosion Science: Modern Trends and Applications

This chapter presents the accelerating corrosion test method with various operating apparatus designed by ASTM standard guide. It is used to measure the corrosion resistance of coated and painted samples. The important uses of electrochemical techniques are linear polarization, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. These are discussed in measuring the corrosion rate for coated and painted specimens.

This book chapter discussed the various anticorrosive coatings, namely barrier, inhibitive, sacrificial, inorganic coatings, organic coatings, surface treatment, and importance of inhibitors to reduce the corrosion rate in metal and alloys. The various modified coatings were introduced to reduce pores, and defects observed in conventional coatings. The water permeability through the barrier coatings was also reduced using pigmentation of organic coatings.

Corrosion is a defect of the material which reduces the life of the electronic device or any other devices which are fabricated with metals and alloys. Generally, using polymer coatings, the corrosion is decreased comfortably in large devices. In this chapter, we highlighted the corrosion in electronic gadgets and printed electronic circuit board. Furthermore, we discussed corrosion of electronic printing board with the possibilities, types of the corrosion as well as protective phenomena.

The technology is growing very fast in the world with the expansion of novel functional materials. These novel materials are the backbone for technology development. Whereas the lifetime of materials is decreased due to environmental aspects such as the breakdown of a chemical bond with the oxidation process. Usually, it may be called corrosion. In this chapter, we reviewed some corrosion aspects like corrosion types and causes of corrosion. In addition, it also discusses protective materials like conductive polymer and its composites, such as conducting polymers mixers of magnetic materials and graphene additives.

In this chapter, we discussed the corrosion and corrosion protection in drinking water systems. The corrosion of the drinking water distribution system (DWDS) basically depends on the pH of water, the hardness of water, alkalinity of water, buffer intensity, total dissolved oxygen, and inorganic carbon. The indices LSI and LI are discussed. The inhibitor effects of phosphorus and sulfate are discussed. The effect of the presence of metal ions like Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd and Pb on DWDS is discussed. The temperature effect, microbiological induced corrosion and galvanic corrosion processes are briefly presented. The stagnation of water and leaching of Cu, Zn in commonly used DWDS is discussed with the toxicity of iron-based deposits in DWDS. Also, the protection of DWDS from copper pitting is presented. Some of the protection methods to reduced corrosion in steel pipes, Al and Mg-based alloys are also discussed.

Corrosion is an electrochemical reaction initiated by many factors like the ingress of chloride particles and carbon particles. The electrons can move in the steel rebar and the ions can move in the concrete, which acts as an electrode leading to corrosion. The rate of corrosion can be mitigated by the addition of corrosion inhibitors into the concrete. The corrosion increases the volume of rebar and hence, cracking of concrete takes place. The cracking of concrete can be mitigated by the addition of fibers and bacteria into the concrete. The bacteria can produce calcium carbonate, which helps in the self-healing of cracks in concrete. To examine the damage of the reinforcement in the concrete, X-ray microcomputed tomography is employed without wasting of testing sample.

The aluminium alloy is the second-largest alloy being used in the world next to steel. Aluminium exhibits good mechanical strength, resistant to corrosion and lightweight. But due to some environmental variations or conditions, the alloy was found to be prone to cracking. The microstructure cracking is due to many factors like corrosion, mechanical stress, thermal stress, and bacterial adherence. The Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) is the most active bacterium, which causes rusting. The chloride ions present around the aluminium alloy led to corrosion and the failure of microstructures in the alloy.

In this chapter, the corrosion problems of nuclear waste systems in view of the disposal are discussed. The main form of waste of packages is discussed, ascertaining high-level waste, and the cemented intervening level radioactive waste forms, vitrifying nuclear waste, canister waste forms and nuclear waste glasses. The discussion between the rate of corrosion of all the nuclear waste packages with the nuclear waste disposal concept and the safety measures of the landfill sites is featured. Furthermore, the corrosion of the various kinds of nuclear waste packages and the metallic container for the high-level waste packages are reviewed. In view of the deterioration or dissipation processes, the experimental in-situ approaches, and the exemplary corrosion of nuclear waste and lifetime forecasting are discussed. The major challenge in global research is acquiring data and authentic forecasting for the function over long term periods, as landfill of these kinds of nuclear waste packages must abide safe for very long periods of years.

Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is the subject of concern in various fields like industries related to healthcare, marine, petroleum, oil, etc. An attempt is made to present MIC and underlying mechanisms. Cathodic depolarization theory along with the other mechanisms supporting MIC caused by sulfate/nitratereducing bacteria is the focus of this chapter. Another important aspect of preventive and mitigation measures of MIC is concerned.

Corrosion is recognized as a serious problem in power plants that generate electricity. Many power plants generating a huge amount of electricity are needed to be taken care of it. Otherwise, these will cause a serious damage to human life. Corrosion gives rise to wastage of material in huge quantities, failure of tubes, leakage of tubes, sudden shutdowns as well as a reduction in the lifetime of components. Also, it reduces the thermal and electrical efficiency of a power plant to a maximum extent leading to minimum maintenance, outage, and replacement of cost. In understanding this problem, the present chapter illustrates the corrosions that take place in the power plants and preventive measures to be taken to avoid huge destruction to the life on the earth and to the environment. This, in turn, reduces the maintenance cost and damage to the human life.

Any country’s economy and its development primarily depend on its infrastructure apart from existing natural resources in that region. The infrastructure mainly refers to irrigation system, buildings, roads, bridges, airports, transport, education and industries located there. Here it is noteworthy that all these mentioned infrastructures will be corrosion affective which may undergo degradation and deterioration processes. Corrosion is an unavoidable problem that mainly impacts industrial environment. Anthropogenic activity worldwide leads to enhancement of atmospheric pollution which indirectly accelerates corrosion in the form of rust, water pollution. Major industries in any country relate to chemical and fertilizers. India is country with dense population and developing industrially at vast rate. Chemical industry includes companies producing industrial chemicals in which raw materials like water, air, oil, natural gas, minerals and metals converted into seventy thousand products of different type. Indian statistics for the year 2018-19 indicate a production of major petrochemicals and chemicals at 27,847 MT whereas 27,735 MT during 2017-18. In this chapter, we mainly focus on corrosion related to chemical and fertilizer industries, impact of corrosion on their efficiency, corrosion controlling methods and their interrelated phenomena if any.

Seawater is a hostile environment not only for people but also for metals and alloys. It is often considered that sea water is the most severe environment to which materials can be exposed. Warmer water accelerates the rate of corrosion due to high temperature and particularly aggressive. In this chapter, marine corrosion, its mechanism, factors affecting corrosion and several methods adopted for the prevention of corrosion are described with an emphasis on marine corrosion inhibitors. Organic compounds containing hetero atoms like O, N, S, etc., along with double and triple bonds are found to be very effective in preventing marine corrosion of alloys and metals. Most of the corrosion inhibitors are found to show inhibition property by getting adsorbed on to the metal surface through the principle of different adsorption isotherms known. The maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency of organic inhibitors is found to be more than 99%. The use of inorganic compounds and paints as corrosion inhibitors is discussed.