The incidence of pulmonary complications involving fungal infections has increased over the
last decade and is a common cause of morbidity and mortality. Candida species are one of the yeast
most frequently identified in clinical samples, whilst Aspergillus is the most commonly found
filamentous fungus. The major risk factor for fungal infection is host immunosuppression includes
individuals undergoing solid organ transplant and those with HIV infection. This chapter aims to
provide an overview of the epidemiology and clinical features of fungal lung infection, the expression,
function and activation of relevant TLRs within the airways and a discussion of currently used and new
antifungal agents and strategies.
Keywords: Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., TLRs, lung.
