The domain of biology has greatly been benefited by advances in other sciences leading to new
levels of sensitivity, precision and resolution in biomolecular detection. The key driving force is the
complementary length scale between biological structures that range from the 10's of nanometers (proteins,
DNA, viruses) to the micron scale (cells and cellular assemblies) and capabilities of nanosystems to
manipulate and control such feature sizes within our environment. Progress and development in biosensor
development will inevitably focus upon the technology of the nanomaterials that promise to solve the
biocompatibility and biofouling problems. The biosensors are integrated with new technologies in molecular
biology, micro-fluidics, and smart nanomaterials, have applications in agricultural production, food
processing, and environmental monitoring for rapid, specific, sensitive, inexpensive, in-field, on-line and/or
real-time detection of pesticides, antibiotics, pathogens, toxins, proteins, microbes, plants, animals, foods,
soil, air, and water. Thus, biosensors are excellent analytical tools for pollution monitoring, by which
implementation of legislative provisions to safeguard our biosphere could be made effectively plausible. The
current trends and challenges with smart nanomaterials for various applications have been the focuse in this
chapter that pertains to biosensor development, bionanoelectronics, nanotechnology, biotechnology and
miniaturization. All these growing areas will have a remarkable influence on the development of new ultra
biosensing devices to resolve the severe pollution problems in the future that not only challenge the human
health but also affect adversely other various comforts to living entities.
Keywords: Smart nonmaterials; biosensors; biochips; molecular bioelectronics
