The field of nanotherapeutics has evolved over the last few decades, and the
scientific community has become increasingly interested in exploring and developing
versatile biomaterial nanosystems for clinical medicine. Antimicrobials, despite their
many advances, have been plagued by an ever-growing problem of antimicrobial
resistance. This threat has been labeled the “post-antibiotic era” by the WHO and other
organizations. Nanoparticles (NPs)-based therapeutics have recently emerged as new
tools for combating deadly bacterial infections. Traditional antimicrobials face
challenges, such as antibiotic resistance, which nanoparticle-based strategies can
overcome. This chapter discusses various nanotherapeutics and their essential roles in
antimicrobial therapy. This book chapter delves into the burgeoning field of
nanotherapeutics, focusing on their potential as innovative solutions to combat bacterial
and viral infections. With the escalating threat of antimicrobial resistance and the
ongoing challenge of emerging viral pathogens, traditional treatment modalities are
increasingly inadequate. Nanotechnology offers a promising avenue for the
development of novel antibacterial and antiviral agents, presenting unique advantages
such as enhanced drug delivery, improved bioavailability, and targeted action. The
chapter provides an overview of the mechanisms by which nanotherapeutics exert their
antimicrobial effects, including direct disruption of bacterial and viral structures,
inhibition of essential cellular processes, and modulation of host immune responses.
Various types of nanoparticles, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and
metallic nanoparticles, are explored for their ability to encapsulate and deliver
antimicrobial agents to target sites with precision. Furthermore, the chapter discusses
the potential applications of nanotherapeutics in addressing key challenges associated
with conventional antibiotics and antiviral drugs, including drug resistance, adverse
effects, and limited efficacy. By leveraging the unique physicochemical properties of
nanoparticles, researchers aim to develop therapeutic strategies that minimize off-target
effects, reduce the likelihood of resistance development, and enhance patient outcomes. Despite the promising advancements in nanotherapeutics, several hurdles remain on the
path to clinical translation, including standardization of manufacturing processes,
evaluation of safety profiles, and regulatory approval. The chapter underscores the
importance of interdisciplinary collaboration among scientists, clinicians, and
regulatory agencies to overcome these challenges and realize the full potential of
nanotherapeutics in clinical practice.
Keywords: Nanotherapeutics, antimicrobial resistance, biomaterial nanosystems, antibacterials, antivirals.
