In this chapter, different types of retaining wall systems are introduced. The method
of installation of these wall types is discussed in detail, with the support of many field photos
and construction method statements from contractors. The methods of excavation are illustrated
with some practical examples from Hong Kong. Following the construction aspects, the theory
behind the lateral earth pressure, water pressure and the methods of analysis for the staged
excavation are discussed, while the problems that may arise during deep excavation are
illustrated with practical examples. A sample monitoring scheme for a project is also included
in this chapter to help the readers appreciate the use of IOT monitoring during construction,
which is now becoming popular for many large-scale construction works.
Keywords: Analysis, Bottom-up, Finite element method, Installation, Instability, Lateral earth pressure, Monitoringm, Retaining wall types, Settlement, Subgrade reaction, Top-down, Water pressure.
