This chapter discusses the levels of automation (LOA). The degree to which
a system, process or task is automated is referred to as the level of automation. They
are: manual, semi-automatic and fully automatic depending on the level of human
involvement, the system or processes to be automated and the end users’ requirements.
At the lowest level; the manual represents the human control level while the fully
automatic level represents the computer controls level. At the semi-automatic level, the
control activities involve both human and computer controls. The human control tasks
include sensory processing for information acquisition, perception for information
analysis, decision-making based on cognitive processing for action selection, and
response selection for action implementation. Furthermore, this chapter also highlights
the elements of system automation and classes of automated systems. The
identification and specifications of the elements of the system’s automation based on
the end-user requirements are a critical aspect of the control design phase. The major
elements of the system’s automation include a sensor, a controller, an actuator, a power
component, a motor and drives, a communication protocol, a human-machine interface,
etc. Classes of automation systems could also be fixed, programmable, flexible,
integrated, or cognitive automation depending on the need. The future of fully
autonomous systems is exciting and promising although many industrial processes and
systems are semi-autonomous thus relying on human factors such as physical, mental
and technical capabilities such as intuition, perception, sensitivity, observation,
experience, and judgment to arrive at effective decision making as it relates to system’s
control.
Keywords: Computer control, human control, LOA, system automation.
