The
most problematic and difficult cases of general surgery applications are cancers.
Cancer can be diagnosed in many ways, including the presence of some symptoms
and signs, screening tests, and imaging methods. The diagnosis of cancer is confirmed
anatomically by microscopic examination of tissue samples. Biomarker research
has become increasingly interesting for many medical fields today. Biomarkers
are indicators of the biological process that can show changes in disease and
health status and reveal pathological conditions. The sensitivity of markers
used for early and painless diagnosis is weak in all types of cancer, including
thyroid, breast, stomach, pancreatic, and colorectal cancers. Biochemical and
molecular markers have been found to be of great importance in cancer research
in recent years in the formation mechanisms and treatment steps of cancer.
Several biomarkers have been studied in the circulating body fluids and tissue
of preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative patients. The main use of
tumor markers is the follow-up of the response to treatment and early detection
of recurrences in patients diagnosed with cancer. Tumor markers correctly
selected will guide the patient's monitoring and treatment planning. But,
still, the field of cancer surgery needs new biomarkers.
Keywords: Biomarkers, Breast cancers, Colorectal cancers, Pancreatic cancers, Stomach cancers, Surgery, Thyroid cancers.
