Aptamers with target-specific binding properties have emerged as an
alternative to antibodies. Nucleic acid aptamers are short single-stranded
oligonucleotides that can fold into unique three-dimensional structures. Nucleic acid
aptamers are selected from random libraries in vitro by using the SELEX (Systematic
Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment) technology. Likewise, peptide
aptamers are short peptides that can be selected in vitro by using different strategies
including phage display, ribosome display, or mRNA display. Aptamers are superior to
antibodies with regard to ease of production, high stability, small size, and low cost.
Therefore, aptamers find broad use in different biotechnological and therapeutic
applications. Among them, aptamer use in virus detection and antiviral therapy is one
of the attractive applications. The present Covid-19 pandemic and life-threatening viral
infections reveal the need for rapid therapeutic solutions that can efficiently target viral
mechanisms. In this respect, the chapter is mainly focused on aptamers with antiviral
activity, as well as the use of aptamers in viral detection platforms. First, we summarize
aptamer selection technologies that can be performed in vitro. Among them, we briefly
explain ribosome display, mRNA display and SELEX (Systematic Evolution of
Ligands by Exponential Enrichment) technologies. Then, we review aptamers targeting
viral proteins and viral invasion mechanisms. In addition, we give an overview of
aptamers developed against viruses. We also discuss the major hurdles in aptamer use,
as well as the strategies to improve the drug potential of aptamers.
Keywords: Antiviral aptamer, Aptasensor, Diagnostic aptamers, DNA aptamer,
MRNA display, Peptide aptamer, Ribosome display, RNA aptamer, SELEX,
Therapeutic aptamers.
