Generic placeholder image

Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1386-2073
ISSN (Online): 1875-5402

Review Article

Covid-19 Vaccines Available in India

Author(s): Mohammad Mukim*, Pratishtha Sharma*, Mohsina Patweker, Faheem Patweker, Rajiv Kukkar and Rakesh Patel

Volume 25, Issue 14, 2022

Published on: 27 July, 2022

Page: [2391 - 2397] Pages: 7

DOI: 10.2174/1386207325666220315115953

Price: $65

Abstract

The present review covers the list of approved vaccines available in India, i.e., Covaxin, Covishield, and Sputnik-V. Covaxin’s code name is BBV152. Covaxin was prepared by Hyderabad- based Bharat Biotech International Ltd. in collaboration with the National Institute of Virology (NIV) and ICMR. The effectiveness of Covaxin was found to be 78-81%. Covishield, which is available by code name AZD1222, was developed by the SII, Oxford University, and AstraZeneca. Covishield’s effectiveness was found to be 90%. The time gap between the two doses of Covaxin and Covishiled is 4-6 weeks and 12-16 weeks, respectively. One more vaccine, i.e., Sputnik V, by the code name rAd26-S and rAd5-S, was developed by Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, which involves an interval gap of 21 days between the two doses. Covaxin releases Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, which is specific to RBD (receptor-binding domain) protein, whereas a high degree of antibody response dissipates on the 28th day of vaccination. The protective efficacy of Sputnik-V was found to be ±92.2% (95% CI ±82.6-92.3), while that of Covishield was found to be ±90 % (95% CI 68.2-98.0±, p = 0.01) 2-standard dose: (61.2%, 95% CI 42.2-76.1±). In the case of Covaxin, the rate of seroconversion was found to be 93.9% (95% CI 85.2-98.2) in the 3-μg group and 97.2% (95% CI 93.1-105.1) in the 6-μg group. No significant difference was observed in local or systemic adverse reactions of the vaccine in the groups of 3 μg and 6 μg. The protective efficacious dose of Covaxin has not yet been identified. The cellular response median SFCs PBPMC of Covishield at the standard dose in the age group of 18-55 years was found to be±1201; 55-70 years: ±758 and ≥75 years: ±975. No significant increase was observed in the per million peripheral mononuclear cells (PBPMC) after administration of the booster dose of Covishield vaccine (p = 0.45 in paired student’s t-test on the 28th day vs. the 42nd day). The cellular response to Sputnik V was found to be 100%. Higher levels of T cells CD8+, CD4+ T cells, and IFN- γ secretion were reported in all volunteers who had undergone vaccination. Cell proliferation was found as follows: CD4+: +1.5% and CD8+ : +1.3% in the lyophilized formulation and CD4+ : + 2.6% and CD8+ : +1.5% in the frozen formulation. Antigen-specific IgG geometric mean titer (GMT) levels of Covishield were found to be highest on the 28th day with 160 geometric mean ELISA units (GMEU).

Keywords: Covaxin, covishield, Covid-19, sputnik V, vaccine, SAR-CoV-2, coronavirus.

Graphical Abstract
[1]
World Health Organization. Weekly epidemiology update 07 June 2021. WHO Situation Report, 2021.
[2]
Janeway, C.A., Jr; Travers, P.; Walport, M. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease, 5th ed; Garland Science: New York, 2001.
[3]
Dai, X.; Xiong, Y.; Li, N.; Jian, C. Vaccine types. In: Vaccines-the history and future; IntechOpen, 2001.
[4]
Hussain, S. Immunization and Vaccination. Psychiatry of Pandemics; Springer, 2019, pp. 153-177.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15346-5_13]
[5]
Khuroo, M.S.; Khuroo, M.; Khuroo, M.S.; Sofi, A.A.; Khuroo, N.S. COVID-19 vaccines: A race against time in the middle of death and devastation! J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol., 2020, 10(6), 610-621.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jceh.2020.06.003] [PMID: 32837093]
[6]
Ella, R.; Vadrevu, K.M.; Jogdand, H.; Prasad, S.; Reddy, S.; Sarangi, V.; Ganneru, B.; Sapkal, G.; Yadav, P.; Abraham, P.; Panda, S.; Gupta, N.; Reddy, P.; Verma, S.; Kumar Rai, S.; Singh, C.; Redkar, S.V.; Gillurkar, C.S.; Kushwaha, J.S.; Mohapatra, S.; Rao, V.; Guleria, R.; Ella, K.; Bhargava, B. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBV152: A double-blind, randomised, phase 1 trial. Lancet Infect. Dis., 2021, 21(5), 637-646.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30942-7] [PMID: 33485468]
[7]
Yan, Z.P.; Yang, M.; Lai, C.L. COVID-19 vaccines: A review of the safety and efficacy of current clinical trials. Pharmaceuticals (Basel), 2021, 14(5), 406.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14050406] [PMID: 33923054]
[8]
Bharat Biotech, Covaxin. Available from: https://www.bharatbiotech.com/covaxin.html
[9]
Mohsina, F.P.; Ahmad, N.; Mukim, M.; Roy, S.; Sharma, P.; Faheem, I.P. Ebola disease: Challenges for medical professionals. SunText Rev. Pharm. Sci., 2020, 1(1), 103.
[10]
Fact sheet for vaccine recipient approved for restricted use in emergency situation ofchadox1 ncov- 19 Corona Virus Vaccine (Recombinant) Covishield. Available from: https://www.seruminstitute.com/health_faq_covishield.php#faq3
[11]
Ganneru, B.; Jogdand, H.; Daram, V.K.; Das, D.; Molugu, N.R.; Prasad, S.D.; Kannappa, S.V.; Ella, K.M.; Ravikrishnan, R.; Awasthi, A.; Jose, J.; Rao, P.; Kumar, D.; Ella, R.; Abraham, P.; Yadav, P.D.; Sapkal, G.N.; Shete-Aich, A.; Desphande, G.; Mohandas, S.; Basu, A.; Gupta, N.; Vadrevu, K.M. Th1 skewed immune response of whole virion inactivated SARS CoV 2 vaccine and its safety evaluation. iScience, 2021, 24(4), 102298.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102298] [PMID: 33723528]
[12]
WHO. Medical product alert N 5/2021 falsifield covishield vaccine, 2021.
[13]
Lawton, G. Sputnik V vaccine goes global. New Sci., 2021, 250(3331), 10-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(21)00671-0] [PMID: 33935343]
[14]
Folegatti, P.M.; Ewer, K.J.; Aley, P.K.; Angus, B.; Becker, S.; Belij-Rammerstorfer, S.; Bellamy, D.; Bibi, S.; Bittaye, M.; Clutterbuck, E.A.; Dold, C.; Faust, S.N.; Finn, A.; Flaxman, A.L.; Hallis, B.; Heath, P.; Jenkin, D.; Lazarus, R.; Makinson, R.; Minassian, A.M.; Pollock, K.M.; Ramasamy, M.; Robinson, H.; Snape, M.; Tarrant, R.; Voysey, M.; Green, C.; Douglas, A.D.; Hill, A.V.S.; Lambe, T.; Gilbert, S.C.; Pollard, A.J.; Aboagye, J.; Adams, K.; Ali, A.; Allen, E.; Allison, J.L.; Anslow, R.; Arbe-Barnes, E.H.; Babbage, G.; Baillie, K.; Baker, M.; Baker, N.; Baker, P.; Baleanu, I.; Ballaminut, J.; Barnes, E.; Barrett, J.; Bates, L.; Batten, A.; Beadon, K.; Beckley, R.; Berrie, E.; Berry, L.; Beveridge, A.; Bewley, K.R.; Bijker, E.M.; Bingham, T.; Blackwell, L.; Blundell, C.L.; Bolam, E.; Boland, E.; Borthwick, N.; Bower, T.; Boyd, A.; Brenner, T.; Bright, P.D.; Brown-O’Sullivan, C.; Brunt, E.; Burbage, J.; Burge, S.; Buttigieg, K.R.; Byard, N.; Cabera Puig, I.; Calvert, A.; Camara, S.; Cao, M.; Cappuccini, F.; Carr, M.; Carroll, M.W.; Carter, V.; Cathie, K.; Challis, R.J.; Charlton, S.; Chelysheva, I.; Cho, J-S.; Cicconi, P.; Cifuentes, L.; Clark, H.; Clark, E.; Cole, T.; Colin-Jones, R.; Conlon, C.P.; Cook, A.; Coombes, N.S.; Cooper, R.; Cosgrove, C.A.; Coy, K.; Crocker, W.E.M.; Cunningham, C.J.; Damratoski, B.E.; Dando, L.; Datoo, M.S.; Davies, H.; De Graaf, H.; Demissie, T.; Di Maso, C.; Dietrich, I.; Dong, T.; Donnellan, F.R.; Douglas, N.; Downing, C.; Drake, J.; Drake-Brockman, R.; Drury, R.E.; Dunachie, S.J.; Edwards, N.J.; Edwards, F.D.L.; Edwards, C.J.; Elias, S.C.; Elmore, M.J.; Emary, K.R.W.; English, M.R.; Fagerbrink, S.; Felle, S.; Feng, S.; Field, S.; Fixmer, C.; Fletcher, C.; Ford, K.J.; Fowler, J.; Fox, P.; Francis, E.; Frater, J.; Furze, J.; Fuskova, M.; Galiza, E.; Gbesemete, D.; Gilbride, C.; Godwin, K.; Gorini, G.; Goulston, L.; Grabau, C.; Gracie, L.; Gray, Z.; Guthrie, L.B.; Hackett, M.; Halwe, S.; Hamilton, E.; Hamlyn, J.; Hanumunthadu, B.; Harding, I.; Harris, S.A.; Harris, A.; Harrison, D.; Harrison, C.; Hart, T.C.; Haskell, L.; Hawkins, S.; Head, I.; Henry, J.A.; Hill, J.; Hodgson, S.H.C.; Hou, M.M.; Howe, E.; Howell, N.; Hutlin, C.; Ikram, S.; Isitt, C.; Iveson, P.; Jackson, S.; Jackson, F.; James, S.W.; Jenkins, M.; Jones, E.; Jones, K.; Jones, C.E.; Jones, B.; Kailath, R.; Karampatsas, K.; Keen, J.; Kelly, S.; Kelly, D.; Kerr, D.; Kerridge, S.; Khan, L.; Khan, U.; Killen, A.; Kinch, J.; King, T.B.; King, L.; King, J.; Kingham-Page, L.; Klenerman, P.; Knapper, F.; Knight, J.C.; Knott, D.; Koleva, S.; Kupke, A.; Larkworthy, C.W.; Larwood, J.P.J.; Laskey, A.; Lawrie, A.M.; Lee, A.; Ngan Lee, K.Y.; Lees, E.A.; Legge, H.; Lelliott, A.; Lemm, N-M.; Lias, A.M.; Linder, A.; Lipworth, S.; Liu, X.; Liu, S.; Lopez Ramon, R.; Lwin, M.; Mabesa, F.; Madhavan, M.; Mallett, G.; Mansatta, K.; Marcal, I.; Marinou, S.; Marlow, E.; Marshall, J.L.; Martin, J.; McEwan, J.; McInroy, L.; Meddaugh, G.; Mentzer, A.J.; Mirtorabi, N.; Moore, M.; Moran, E.; Morey, E.; Morgan, V.; Morris, S.J.; Morrison, H.; Morshead, G.; Morter, R.; Mujadidi, Y.F.; Muller, J.; Munera-Huertas, T.; Munro, C.; Munro, A.; Murphy, S.; Munster, V.J.; Mweu, P.; Noé, A.; Nugent, F.L.; Nuthall, E.; O’Brien, K.; O’Connor, D.; Oguti, B.; Oliver, J.L.; Oliveira, C.; O’Reilly, P.J.; Osborn, M.; Osborne, P.; Owen, C.; Owens, D.; Owino, N.; Pacurar, M.; Parker, K.; Parracho, H.; Patrick-Smith, M.; Payne, V.; Pearce, J.; Peng, Y.; Peralta Alvarez, M.P.; Perring, J.; Pfafferott, K.; Pipini, D.; Plested, E.; Pluess-Hall, H.; Pollock, K.; Poulton, I.; Presland, L.; Provstgaard-Morys, S.; Pulido, D.; Radia, K.; Ramos Lopez, F.; Rand, J.; Ratcliffe, H.; Rawlinson, T.; Rhead, S.; Riddell, A.; Ritchie, A.J.; Roberts, H.; Robson, J.; Roche, S.; Rohde, C.; Rollier, C.S.; Romani, R.; Rudiansyah, I.; Saich, S.; Sajjad, S.; Salvador, S.; Sanchez Riera, L.; Sanders, H.; Sanders, K.; Sapaun, S.; Sayce, C.; Schofield, E.; Screaton, G.; Selby, B.; Semple, C.; Sharpe, H.R.; Shaik, I.; Shea, A.; Shelton, H.; Silk, S.; Silva-Reyes, L.; Skelly, D.T.; Smee, H.; Smith, C.C.; Smith, D.J.; Song, R.; Spencer, A.J.; Stafford, E.; Steele, A.; Stefanova, E.; Stockdale, L.; Szigeti, A.; Tahiri-Alaoui, A.; Tait, M.; Talbot, H.; Tanner, R.; Taylor, I.J.; Taylor, V.; Te Water Naude, R.; Thakur, N.; Themistocleous, Y.; Themistocleous, A.; Thomas, M.; Thomas, T.M.; Thompson, A.; Thomson-Hill, S.; Tomlins, J.; Tonks, S.; Towner, J.; Tran, N.; Tree, J.A.; Truby, A.; Turkentine, K.; Turner, C.; Turner, N.; Turner, S.; Tuthill, T.; Ulaszewska, M.; Varughese, R.; Van Doremalen, N.; Veighey, K.; Verheul, M.K.; Vichos, I.; Vitale, E.; Walker, L.; Watson, M.E.E.; Welham, B.; Wheat, J.; White, C.; White, R.; Worth, A.T.; Wright, D.; Wright, S.; Yao, X.L.; Yau, Y. Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: A preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2020, 396(10249), 467-478.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31604-4] [PMID: 32702298]
[15]
Holm, M.R.; Poland, G.A. Critical aspects of packaging, storage, preparation, and administration of mRNA and adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccines for optimal efficacy. Vaccine, 2021, 39(3), 457-459.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.017] [PMID: 33339671]
[16]
Logunov, D.Y.; Dolzhikova, I.V.; Shcheblyakov, D.V.; Tukhvatulin, A.I.; Zubkova, O.V.; Dzharullaeva, A.S.; Kovyrshina, A.V.; Lubenets, N.L.; Grousova, D.M.; Erokhova, A.S.; Botikov, A.G.; Izhaeva, F.M.; Popova, O.; Ozharovskaya, T.A.; Esmagambetov, I.B.; Favorskaya, I.A.; Zrelkin, D.I.; Voronina, D.V.; Shcherbinin, D.N.; Semikhin, A.S.; Simakova, Y.V.; Tokarskaya, E.A.; Egorova, D.A.; Shmarov, M.M.; Nikitenko, N.A.; Gushchin, V.A.; Smolyarchuk, E.A.; Zyryanov, S.K.; Borisevich, S.V.; Naroditsky, B.S.; Gintsburg, A.L. Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: An interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia. Lancet, 2021, 397(10275), 671-681.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00234-8] [PMID: 33545094]
[17]
Sputnik, V. Clinical trials. Available from: https://sputnikvaccine.com/about-vaccine/
[18]
Logunov, D.Y.; Dolzhikova, I.V.; Zubkova, O.V.; Tukhvatullin, A.I.; Shcheblyakov, D.V.; Dzharullaeva, A.S.; Grousova, D.M.; Erokhova, A.S.; Kovyrshina, A.V.; Botikov, A.G.; Izhaeva, F.M.; Popova, O.; Ozharovskaya, T.A.; Esmagambetov, I.B.; Favorskaya, I.A.; Zrelkin, D.I.; Voronina, D.V.; Shcherbinin, D.N.; Semikhin, A.S.; Simakova, Y.V.; Tokarskaya, E.A.; Lubenets, N.L.; Egorova, D.A.; Shmarov, M.M.; Nikitenko, N.A.; Morozova, L.F.; Smolyarchuk, E.A.; Kryukov, E.V.; Babira, V.F.; Borisevich, S.V.; Naroditsky, B.S.; Gintsburg, A.L. Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: Two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia. Lancet, 2020, 396(10255), 887-897.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31866-3] [PMID: 32896291]
[19]
Jones, I.; Roy, P. Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine candidate appears safe and effective. Lancet, 2021, 397(10275), 642-643.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00191-4] [PMID: 33545098]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy