Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Molecular Medicine

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1566-5240
ISSN (Online): 1875-5666

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe Translate in Chinese
Review Article

The Association Between Hepatitis B Virus Mutations and the Risk of Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Author(s): Hassan Akrami*, Mohammad Rafiee Monjezi, Shahrzad Ilbeigi, Farshid Amiri and Mohammad Reza Fattahi

Volume 22, Issue 6, 2022

Published on: 16 August, 2021

Page: [514 - 523] Pages: 10

DOI: 10.2174/1566524021666210816094412

Price: $65

Open Access Journals Promotions 2
Abstract

Hepatitis B virus [HBV], the best-described hepadnavirus, is distributed all around the world and may lead to chronic and acute liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite the advancement in treatment against HBV, an errorprone reverse transcriptase, which is required for HBV replication as well as host immune pressure, leads to constant evolution and emergence of genotypes, subgenotypes and mutant viruses; so, HBV will remain as a major healthcare problem around the world. This review article mainly focuses on the HBV mutations which correlated to occult HBV infection, immune escape, vaccine failure and eventually liver cirrhosis and HCC. The current study indicated that preS/S region mutations are related to vaccine failure, immune escape, occult HBV infection and the occurrence of HCC. Whereas P region Mutations may lead to drug resistance to NA antivirals. PreC/C region mutations are associated with HBeAg negativity, immune escape, and persistent hepatitis. Moreover, X region Mutations play an important role in HCC development.

Keywords: Hepatitis B virus, mutation, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver cirrhosis, HbsAg, HbcAg, HbeAg.

« Previous Next »
[1]
Rivkin A. JCmr, opinion. A review of entecavir in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection. 2005; 21(11): 1845-56.
[2]
Alavian SM, Fallahian F, Lankarani KB. The changing epidemiology of viral hepatitis B in Iran. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2007; 16(4): 403-6.
[PMID: 18193122]
[3]
Shanmugam S, Velu V, Nandakumar S, et al. Low frequency of precore mutants in anti-hepatitis B e antigen positive subjects with chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Chennai, Southern India. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 18(10): 1722-8.
[PMID: 18955826]
[4]
Schweitzer A, Horn J, Mikolajczyk RT, Krause G, Ott JJJTL. Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: A systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2013. 2015; 386(10003): 1546-55.
[5]
Hou J, Yin YK, Xu D, Tan D, Niu J, Zhou X. Telbivudine versus lamivudine in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B: Results at 1 year of a randomized, double‐blind trial. 2008; 47(2): 447-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.22075]
[6]
Fattovich G, Giustina G, Christensen E, et al. Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type B. The European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (Eurohep). Gut 2000; 46(3): 420-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.46.3.420] [PMID: 10673308]
[7]
Ogunwobi OO, Harricharran T, Huaman J, et al. Mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma progression. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25(19): 2279-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v25.i19.2279] [PMID: 31148900]
[8]
Caligiuri P, Cerruti R, Icardi G. Overview of hepatitis B virus mutations and their implications in the management of infection. Bruzzone BJWjog 2016; 22(1): 145.
[9]
Urban S, Schulze A, Dandri M, Petersen J. The replication cycle of hepatitis B virus. J Hepatol 2010; 52(2): 282-4.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2009.10.031] [PMID: 20056291]
[10]
Revill PA, Chisari FV, Block JM, et al. A global scientific strategy to cure hepatitis B. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 4(7): 545-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30119-0] [PMID: 30981686]
[11]
Grimm D, Thimme R, Blum HE. HBV life cycle and novel drug targets. Hepatol Int 2011; 5(2): 644-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12072-011-9261-3] [PMID: 21484123]
[12]
Seeger C, Mason WS. Hepatitis B virus biology. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2000; 64(1): 51-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.64.1.51-68.2000] [PMID: 10704474]
[13]
Podlaha O, Wu G, Downie B, et al. Genomic modeling of hepatitis B virus integration frequency in the human genome. PLoS One 2019; 14(7): e0220376.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220376] [PMID: 31356634]
[14]
Croagh CM, Desmond PV, Bell SJ. Genotypes and viral variants in chronic hepatitis B: A review of epidemiology and clinical relevance. World J Hepatol 2015; 7(3): 289-303.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v7.i3.289] [PMID: 25848459]
[15]
RJ BMS. The enigmatic X gene of hepatitis B virus. J Virol 2004; 78: 12725-34.
[16]
Schaefer S. Hepatitis B virus taxonomy and hepatitis B virus genotypes. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13(1): 14-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v13.i1.14] [PMID: 17206751]
[17]
Gao Q, Zhu H, Dong L, et al. Integrated Proteogenomic Characterization of HBV-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cell 2019; 179(2): 561-577.e22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.052] [PMID: 31585088]
[18]
Pourkarim MR, Amini-Bavil-Olyaee S, Kurbanov F, Van Ranst M, Tacke F. Molecular identification of hepatitis B virus genotypes/subgenotypes: Revised classification hurdles and updated resolutions. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20(23): 7152-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i23.7152] [PMID: 24966586]
[19]
Girones R, Miller RH. Mutation rate of the hepadnavirus genome. Virology 1989; 170(2): 595-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(89)90455-8] [PMID: 2728351]
[20]
Yan H, Zhong G, Xu G, He W, Jing Z, Gao Z. Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide is a functional receptor for human hepatitis B and D virus. elife 2012; 1: e00049.
[21]
Fu L, Hu H, Liu Y, Jing Z, Li W. Woodchuck sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide supports low-level hepatitis B and D virus entry. Virology 2017; 505: 1-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2017.02.006] [PMID: 28213271]
[22]
Nyarko E, Obirikorang C, Owiredu WKBA, et al. NTCP gene polymorphisms and hepatitis B virus infection status in a Ghanaian population. Virol J 2020; 17(1): 91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12985-020-01376-0] [PMID: 32620148]
[23]
Valaydon ZS, Locarnini SA. The virological aspects of hepatitis B. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2017; 31(3): 257-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2017.04.013] [PMID: 28774407]
[24]
Nassal M. HBV cccDNA: Viral persistence reservoir and key obstacle for a cure of chronic hepatitis B. Gut 2015; 64(12): 1972-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309809] [PMID: 26048673]
[25]
Newbold JE, Xin H, Tencza M, et al. The covalently closed duplex form of the hepadnavirus genome exists in situ as a heterogeneous population of viral minichromosomes. J Virol 1995; 69(6): 3350-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.69.6.3350-3357.1995] [PMID: 7745682]
[26]
Bock CT, Schwinn S, Locarnini S, et al. Structural organization of the hepatitis B virus minichromosome. J Mol Biol 2001; 307(1): 183-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmbi.2000.4481] [PMID: 11243813]
[27]
Núñez E, Wei X, Delgado C, et al. Cloning, expression, and purification of histidine-tagged preS domains of hepatitis B virus. Protein Expr Purif 2001; 21(1): 183-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/prep.2000.1368] [PMID: 11162405]
[28]
Núñez E, Yélamos B, Delgado C, Gómez-Gutiérrez J, Peterson DL, Gavilanes F. Interaction of preS domains of hepatitis B virus with phospholipid vesicles. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009; 1788(2): 417-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.10.014] [PMID: 19026610]
[29]
Takahashi K, Akahane Y, Hino K, Ohta Y, Mishiro S. Hepatitis B virus genomic sequence in the circulation of hepatocellular carcinoma patients: Comparative analysis of 40 full-length isolates. Arch Virol 1998; 143(12): 2313-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007050050463] [PMID: 9930189]
[30]
Liu S, Zhang H, Gu C, et al. Associations between hepatitis B virus mutations and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: A meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101(15): 1066-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djp180] [PMID: 19574418]
[31]
Fang Z-L, Sabin CA, Dong B-Q, et al. Hepatitis B virus pre-S deletion mutations are a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma: A matched nested case-control study. J Gen Virol 2008; 89(Pt 11): 2882-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.2008/002824-0] [PMID: 18931087]
[32]
Liu S, Xie J, Yin J, et al. A matched case-control study of hepatitis B virus mutations in the preS and core promoter regions associated independently with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Med Virol 2011; 83(1): 45-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.21829] [PMID: 21108338]
[33]
Yeung P, Wong DK-H, Lai C-L, Fung J, Seto W-K, Yuen M-F. Association of hepatitis B virus pre-S deletions with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B. J Infect Dis 2011; 203(5): 646-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiq096] [PMID: 21227916]
[34]
Cao G. Exploring risk factors of hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma: Prospective verse retrospective studies. Springer 2011.
[35]
Luongo M, Critelli R, Grottola A, et al. Acute hepatitis B caused by a vaccine-escape HBV strain in vaccinated subject: Sequence analysis and therapeutic strategy. J Clin Virol 2015; 62: 89-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2014.11.029] [PMID: 25542480]
[36]
Huang C-H, Yuan Q, Chen P-J, et al. Influence of mutations in hepatitis B virus surface protein on viral antigenicity and phenotype in occult HBV strains from blood donors. J Hepatol 2012; 57(4): 720-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2012.05.009] [PMID: 22634131]
[37]
Kaymakoglu S, Baran B, Onel D, Badur S, Atamer T, Akyuz F. Acute hepatitis B due to immune-escape mutations in a naturally immune patient. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2014; 77(2): 262-5.
[PMID: 25090827]
[38]
Ma Q, Wang Y. Comprehensive analysis of the prevalence of hepatitis B virus escape mutations in the major hydrophilic region of surface antigen. J Med Virol 2012; 84(2): 198-206.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.23183] [PMID: 22170538]
[39]
Yin J, Xie J, Zhang H, et al. Significant association of different preS mutations with hepatitis B-related cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol 2010; 45(10): 1063-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00535-010-0253-1] [PMID: 20419326]
[40]
Gao ZY, Li T, Wang J, et al. Mutations in preS genes of genotype C hepatitis B virus in patients with chronic hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol 2007; 42(9): 761-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00535-007-2085-1] [PMID: 17876546]
[41]
Hosseini SY, Sanaei N, Fattahi M-R, Malek-Hosseini SA, Sarvari J. Association of HBsAg mutation patterns with hepatitis B infection outcome: Asymptomatic carriers versus HCC/cirrhotic patients. Ann Hepatol 2019; 18(4): 640-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aohep.2018.12.006] [PMID: 31105017]
[42]
Carman WF, Zanetti AR, Karayiannis P, et al. Vaccine-induced escape mutant of hepatitis B virus. Lancet 1990; 336(8711): 325-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(90)91874-A] [PMID: 1697396]
[43]
Llovet JM, Bustamante J, Castells A, et al. Natural history of untreated nonsurgical hepatocellular carcinoma: Rationale for the design and evaluation of therapeutic trials. Hepatology 1999; 29(1): 62-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.510290145] [PMID: 9862851]
[44]
Hsieh Y-H, Hsu J-L, Su I-J, Huang W. Genomic instability caused by hepatitis B virus: Into the hepatoma inferno. Front Biosci 2011; 16: 2586-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/3874] [PMID: 21622197]
[45]
Wang LH-C, Huang W, Lai M-D, Su I-J. Aberrant cyclin A expression and centrosome overduplication induced by hepatitis B virus pre-S2 mutants and its implication in hepatocarcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33(2): 466-72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgr296] [PMID: 22159224]
[46]
Yang JC, Teng CF, Wu HC, et al. Enhanced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A in ground glass hepatocytes and its implication in hepatitis B virus hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatology 2009; 49(6): 1962-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.22889] [PMID: 19475690]
[47]
Wu H-C, Tsai H-W, Teng C-F, et al. Ground-glass hepatocytes co-expressing hepatitis B virus X protein and surface antigens exhibit enhanced oncogenic effects and tumorigenesis. Hum Pathol 2014; 45(6): 1294-301.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humpath.2013.10.039] [PMID: 24767856]
[48]
Wang HC, Huang W, Lai MD, Su IJ. Hepatitis B virus pre-S mutants, endoplasmic reticulum stress and hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Sci 2006; 97(8): 683-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2006.00235.x] [PMID: 16863502]
[49]
Mun H-S, Lee S-A, Kim H, Hwang E-S, Kook Y-H, Kim B-J. Novel F141L pre-S2 mutation in hepatitis B virus increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic genotype C infections. J Virol 2011; 85(1): 123-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01524-10] [PMID: 20962085]
[50]
Lee S-A, Kim K, Kim H, Kim B-J. Nucleotide change of codon 182 in the surface gene of hepatitis B virus genotype C leading to truncated surface protein is associated with progression of liver diseases. J Hepatol 2012; 56(1): 63-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2011.06.028] [PMID: 21827734]
[51]
Wei F, Zheng Q, Li M, Wu M. The association between hepatitis B mutants and hepatocellular carcinoma: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96(19): e6835.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000006835] [PMID: 28489767]
[52]
Dindoost P, Jazayeri SM, Karimzadeh H, Saberfar E, Miri SM, Alavian SM. HBsAg variants: Common escape issues. 2012.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/jjm.4243]
[53]
Asahina Y, Enomoto N, Ogura Y, et al. Sequential changes in full-length genomes of hepatitis B virus accompanying acute exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 1996; 25(6): 787-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-8278(96)80280-7] [PMID: 9007704]
[54]
Colagrossi L, Hermans LE, Salpini R, et al. Immune-escape mutations and stop-codons in HBsAg develop in a large proportion of patients with chronic HBV infection exposed to anti-HBV drugs in Europe. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18(1): 251.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3161-2] [PMID: 29859062]
[55]
Lazarevic I. Clinical implications of hepatitis B virus mutations: Recent advances. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20(24): 7653-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i24.7653] [PMID: 24976703]
[56]
Echevarría JM, Avellón A. Hepatitis B virus genetic diversity. J Med Virol 2006; 78(S1)(Suppl. 1): S36-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.20605] [PMID: 16622876]
[57]
Torresi J. The virological and clinical significance of mutations in the overlapping envelope and polymerase genes of hepatitis B virus. J Clin Virol 2002; 25(2): 97-106.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1386-6532(02)00049-5] [PMID: 12367644]
[58]
Hsu C-W, Yeh C-T, Chang M-L, Liaw Y-F. Identification of a hepatitis B virus S gene mutant in lamivudine-treated patients experiencing HBsAg seroclearance. Gastroenterology 2007; 132(2): 543-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2006.12.001] [PMID: 17258721]
[59]
Hossain MG, Ueda K. Investigation of a novel hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) escape mutant affecting immunogenicity. PLoS One 2017; 12(1): e0167871.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167871] [PMID: 28045894]
[60]
Zhang Z-H, Wu C-C, Chen X-W, Li X, Li J, Lu M-J. Genetic variation of hepatitis B virus and its significance for pathogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22(1): 126-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i1.126] [PMID: 26755865]
[61]
Wang Y, Lau SH, Sham JS-T, Wu M-C, Wang T, Guan X-Y. Characterization of HBV integrants in 14 hepatocellular carcinomas: Association of truncated X gene and hepatocellular carcinogenesis. Oncogene 2004; 23(1): 142-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1206889] [PMID: 14712219]
[62]
Ma N-F, Lau SH, Hu L, et al. COOH-terminal truncated HBV X protein plays key role in hepatocarcinogenesis. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14(16): 5061-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-5082] [PMID: 18698024]
[63]
Liu F, You X, Chi X, et al. Hepatitis B virus X protein mutant HBxΔ127 promotes proliferation of hepatoma cells through up-regulating miR-215 targeting PTPRT. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 444(2): 128-34.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.004] [PMID: 24434140]
[64]
Xie Y, Liu S, Zhao Y, Guo Z, Xu J. X protein mutations in hepatitis B virus DNA predict postoperative survival in hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2014; 35(10): 10325-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13277-014-2331-0] [PMID: 25034530]
[65]
Jang JW, Chun JY, Park YM, et al. Mutational complex genotype of the hepatitis B virus X /precore regions as a novel predictive marker for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2012; 103(2): 296-304.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02170.x] [PMID: 22136288]
[66]
Lok AS, Akarca U, Greene S. Mutations in the pre-core region of hepatitis B virus serve to enhance the stability of the secondary structure of the pre-genome encapsidation signal. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91(9): 4077-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.9.4077] [PMID: 8171038]
[67]
Caligiuri P, Cerruti R, Icardi G, Bruzzone B. Overview of hepatitis B virus mutations and their implications in the management of infection. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22(1): 145-54.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i1.145] [PMID: 26755866]
[68]
Yang Z, Zhuang L, Lu Y, Xu Q, Tang B, Chen X. Naturally occurring basal core promoter A1762T/G1764A dual mutations increase the risk of HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma: A meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2016; 7(11): 12525-36.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.7123] [PMID: 26848866]
[69]
Hayashi S, Khan A, Simons BC, et al. An Association Between Core Mutations in Hepatitis B Virus Genotype F1b and Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Alaskan Native People. Hepatology 2019; 69(1): 19-33.
[PMID: 29893492]
[70]
Sugiyama M, Tanaka Y, Kurbanov F, Maruyama I, Shimada T, Takahashi S. Direct cytopathic effects of particular hepatitis B virus genotypes in severe combined immuno-deficiency transgenic with urokinase-type plasminogen activator mouse with human hepatocytes. Gastroenterology 2009; 136(2): 652-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2008.10.048]
[71]
Sugiyama M, Tanaka Y, Kato T, et al. Influence of hepatitis B virus genotypes on the intra- and extracellular expression of viral DNA and antigens. Hepatology 2006; 44(4): 915-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.21345] [PMID: 17006908]
[72]
Baptista M, Kramvis A, Kew MC. High prevalence of 1762(T) 1764(A) mutations in the basic core promoter of hepatitis B virus isolated from black Africans with hepatocellular carcinoma compared with asymptomatic carriers. Hepatology 1999; 29(3): 946-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.510290336] [PMID: 10051502]
[73]
Kheirabad AK, Farshidfar G, Nasrollaheian S, Gouklani H. Prevalence and characteristics of precore mutation in iran and its correlation with genotypes of hepatitis B. Electron Physician 2017; 9(4): 4114-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.19082/4114] [PMID: 28607644]
[74]
Hadziyannis E, Laras A. Viral Biomarkers in Chronic HBeAg Negative HBV Infection. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9(10): 1-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes9100469] [PMID: 30262738]
[75]
Kramvis A, Kew MC. The core promoter of hepatitis B virus. J Viral Hepat 1999; 6(6): 415-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2893.1999.00189.x] [PMID: 10607259]
[76]
Besharat S, Poustchi H, Mohamadkhani A, et al. Association of mutations in the basal core promoter and pre-core regions of the hepatitis B viral genome and longitudinal changes in HBV level in HBEAG negative individuals: Results from a cohort study in northern Iran. Hepat Mon 2015; 15(2): e23875.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/hepatmon.23875] [PMID: 25788956]
[77]
Yang H-I, Yeh S-H, Chen P-J, et al. Associations between hepatitis B virus genotype and mutants and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100(16): 1134-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djn243] [PMID: 18695135]
[78]
Kim D-W, Lee S-A, Hwang E-S, Kook Y-H, Kim B-J. Naturally occurring precore/core region mutations of hepatitis B virus genotype C related to hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2012; 7(10): e47372.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047372] [PMID: 23071796]
[79]
Datta S, Ghosh A, Dasgupta D, et al. Novel point and combo-mutations in the genome of hepatitis B virus-genotype D: Characterization and impact on liver disease progression to hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9(10): e110012.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110012] [PMID: 25333524]
[80]
Al-Qahtani AA, Al-Anazi MR, Nazir N, et al. The correlation between hepatitis B virus precore/core mutations and the progression of severe liver disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8: 355.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2018.00355] [PMID: 30406036]
[81]
Aichler M, Luber B, Lordick F, Walch A. Proteomic and metabolic prediction of response to therapy in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20(38): 13648-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i38.13648] [PMID: 25320503]
[82]
Warner N, Locarnini S. The antiviral drug selected hepatitis B virus rtA181T/sW172* mutant has a dominant negative secretion defect and alters the typical profile of viral rebound. Hepatology 2008; 48(1): 88-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.22295] [PMID: 18537180]
[83]
Lai M-W, Yeh C-T. The oncogenic potential of hepatitis B virus rtA181T/surface truncation mutant. Antivir Ther 2008; 13(7): 875-9.
[PMID: 19043921]
[84]
Böttcher H, Eisbrenner K, Fritz S, et al. An assessment of monitoring requirements and costs of ‘Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation’. Carbon Balance Manag 2009; 4(1): 7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1750-0680-4-7] [PMID: 19709413]
[85]
Zoulim F, Locarnini S. Hepatitis B virus resistance to nucleos (t) ide analogues. Gastroenterology 2009; 137(5): 1593-608.
[86]
Yuan H-J, Lee WM. Molecular mechanisms of resistance to antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Curr Mol Med 2007; 7(2): 185-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156652407780059159] [PMID: 17346170]
[87]
Mikulska M, Taramasso L, Giacobbe DR, et al. Case report: Management and HBV sequencing in a patient co-infected with HBV and HIV failing tenofovir. J Med Virol 2012; 84(9): 1340-3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.23338] [PMID: 22825811]
[88]
Lavanchy D. Hepatitis B virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment, and current and emerging prevention and control measures. J Viral Hepat 2004; 11(2): 97-107.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2893.2003.00487.x] [PMID: 14996343]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
41
1
Wayfinder Image
Open Access Journals Promotions
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy